JAVA外文文献翻译Word格式.docx
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JAVA外文文献翻译Word格式.docx
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JavaandtheInternet@#@IfJavais,infact,yetanothercomputerprogramminglanguage,youmayquestionwhyitissoimportantandwhyitisbeingpromotedasarevolutionarystepincomputerprogramming.Theanswerisn’timmediatelyobviousifyou’recomingfromatraditionalprogrammingperspective.AlthoughJavaisveryusefulforsolvingtraditionalstand-aloneprogrammingproblems,itisalsoimportantbecauseitwillsolveprogrammingproblemsontheWorldWideWeb.@#@1.Client-sideprogramming@#@TheWeb’sinitialserver-browserdesignprovidedforinteractivecontent,buttheinteractivitywascompletelyprovidedbytheserver.Theserverproducedstaticpagesfortheclientbrowser,whichwouldsimplyinterpretanddisplaythem.BasicHTMLcontainssimplemechanismsfordatagathering:
@#@text-entryboxes,checkboxes,radioboxes,listsanddrop-downlists,aswellasabuttonthatcanonlybeprogrammedtoresetthedataontheformor“submit”thedataontheformbacktotheserver.ThissubmissionpassesthroughtheCommonGatewayInterface(CGI)providedonallWebservers.ThetextwithinthesubmissiontellsCGIwhattodowithit.Themostcommonactionistorunaprogramlocatedontheserverinadirectorythat’stypicallycalled“cgi-bin.”(IfyouwatchtheaddresswindowatthetopofyourbrowserwhenyoupushabuttononaWebpage,youcansometimessee“cgi-bin”withinallthegobbledygookthere.)Theseprogramscanbewritteninmostlanguages.Perlisacommonchoicebecauseitisdesignedfortextmanipulationandisinterpreted,soitcanbeinstalledonanyserverregardlessofprocessororoperatingsystem.@#@ManypowerfulWebsitestodayarebuiltstrictlyonCGI,andyoucaninfactdonearlyanythingwithit.However,WebsitesbuiltonCGIprogramscanrapidlybecomeoverlycomplicatedtomaintain,andthereisalsotheproblemofresponsetime.TheresponseofaCGIprogramdependsonhowmuchdatamustbesent,aswellastheloadonboththeserverandtheInternet.(Ontopofthis,startingaCGIprogramtendstobeslow.)TheinitialdesignersoftheWebdidnotforeseehowrapidlythisbandwidthwouldbeexhaustedforthekindsofapplicationspeopledeveloped.Forexample,anysortofdynamicgraphingisnearlyimpossibletoperformwithconsistencybecauseaGIFfilemustbecreatedandmovedfromtheservertotheclientforeachversionofthegraph.Andyou’venodoubthaddirectexperiencewithsomethingassimpleasvalidatingthedataonaninputform.Youpressthesubmitbuttononapage;@#@thedataisshippedbacktotheserver;@#@theserverstartsaCGIprogramthatdiscoversanerror,formatsanHTMLpageinformingyouoftheerror,andthensendsthepagebacktoyou;@#@youmustthenbackupapageandtryagain.Notonlyisthisslow,it’sinelegant.@#@Thesolutionisclient-sideprogramming.MostmachinesthatrunWebbrowsersarepowerfillenginescapableofdoingvastwork,andwiththeoriginalstaticHTMLapproachtheyaresittingthere,justidlywaitingfortheservertodishupthenextpage.Client-sideprogrammingmeansthattheWebbrowserisharnessedtodowhateverworkitcan,andtheresultfortheuserisamuchspeedierandmoreinteractiveexperienceatyourWebsite.@#@Theproblemwithdiscussionsofclient-sideprogrammingisthattheyaren’tverydifferentfromdiscussionsofprogrammingingeneral.Theparametersarealmostthesame,buttheplatformisdifferent:
@#@aWebbrowserislikealimitedoperatingsystem.Intheend,youmuststillprogram,andthisaccountsforthedizzyingarrayofproblemsandsolutionsproducedbyclient-sideprogramming.Therestofthissectionprovidesanoverviewoftheissuesandapproachesinclient-sideprogramming.@#@2.Plug-ins@#@Oneofthemostsignificantstepsforwardinclient-sideprogrammingisthedevelopmentoftheplug-in.Thisisawayforaprogrammertoaddnewfunctionalitytothebrowserbydownloadingapieceofcodethatplugsitselfintotheappropriatespotinthebrowser.Ittellsthebrowser“fromnowonyoucanperformthisnewactivity.”(Youneedtodownloadtheplug-inonlyonce.)Somefastandpowerfulbehaviorisaddedtobrowsersviaplug-ins,butwritingaplug-inisnotatrivialtask,andisn’tsomethingyou’dwanttodoaspartoftheprocessofbuildingaparticularsite.Thevalueoftheplug-inforclient-sideprogrammingisthatitallowsanexpertprogrammertodevelopanewlanguageandaddthatlanguagetoabrowserwithoutthepermissionofthebrowsermanufacturer.Thus,plug-insprovidea“backdoor”thatallowsthecreationofnewclient-sideprogramminglanguages(althoughnotalllanguagesareimplementedasplug-ins).@#@3.Scriptinglanguages@#@Plug-insresultedinanexplosionofscriptinglanguages.Withascriptinglanguageyouembedthesourcecodeforyourclient-sideprogramdirectlyintotheHTMLpage,andtheplug-inthatinterpretsthatlanguageisautomatica
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