风力发电外文文献翻译中英文Word文档下载推荐.docx
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风力发电外文文献翻译中英文Word文档下载推荐.docx
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Hubacek
Abstract
Aftertremendousgrowthofwindpowergenerationcapacityinrecentyears,Chinanowhas44.7GWofwind-derivedpower.Despitetherecentgrowthratesandpromisesofabrightfuture,twoimportantissues-thecapabilityofthegridinfrastructureandtheavailabilityofbackupsystems-mustbecriticallydiscussedandtackledinthemediumterm.
Thestudyshowsthatonlyarelativelysmallshareofinvestmentgoestowardsimprovingandextendingtheelectricityinfrastructurewhichisapreconditionfortransmittingcleanwindenergytotheendusers.Inaddition,thebackupsystemsareeithergeographicallytooremotefromthepotentialwindpowersitesorcurrentlyfinanciallyinfeasible.Finally,theintroductionofwindpowertothecoal-dominatedenergyproductionsystemisnotproblem-free.Frequentrampupsanddownsofcoal-firedplantsleadtolowerenergyefficiencyandhigheremissions,whicharelikelytonegatesomeoftheemissionsavingsfromwindpower.
Thecurrentpowersystemisheavilyreliantonindependentlyactingbutstate-ownedenergycompaniesoptimizingtheirpartofthesystem,andthisispartlyincompatiblewithbuildingarobustsystemsupporting
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renewableenergytechnologies.Hence,strategic,top-downco-ordinationand incentivesto improve the overall electricity infrastructure isrecommended.
Keywords:
Windpower,China,Powergrids,Back-upsystems
1.Introduction
China’swindenergyindustryhasexperiencedarapidgrowthoverthelastdecade.SincethepromulgationofthefirstRenewableEnergyLawin2006,thecumulativeinstalledcapacityofwindenergyamountedto44.7GWbytheendof2010[1].Thenewlyinstalledcapacityin2010reached18.9GWwhichaccountedforabout49.5%ofnewwindmillsglobally.ThewindenergypotentialinChinaisconsiderable,thoughwithdifferingestimatesfromdifferentsources.AccordingtoHeetal.[2],theexploitable wind energy potential is 600–1000GW onshore and100–200GWoffshore.Withoutconsideringthelimitationsofwindenergysuchasvariablepoweroutputsandseasonalvariations,McElroyetal.[3]concludedthatiftheChinesegovernmentcommitstoanaggressive lowcarbon energyfuture, wind energyis capableofgenerating6.96millionGWhofelectricityby2030,whichissufficienttosatisfyChina’selectricitydemandin2030.
TheexistingliteratureofwindenergydevelopmentinChinafocusesonseveraldiscussionthemes.Themajorityofthestudiesemphasizetheimportanceofgovernmentpolicyonthepromotionofwindenergy
industry in China[4],[5],[6],[7]. For instance, Lema andRuby[8]comparedthegrowthofwindgenerationcapacitybetween1986and2006,andaddressedtheimportanceofacoordinatedgovernmentpolicyandcorrespondingincentives.SeveralstudiesassessedotherissuessuchasthecurrentstatusofwindenergydevelopmentinChina[9];
thepotential of wind power[10];
the significance of wind turbinemanufacturing[11];
windresourceassessment[5];
theapplicationofsmall-scale wind power in rural areas[12];
clean developmentmechanisminthepromotionofwindenergyinChina[4],social,economicandtechnicalperformanceofwindturbines[13]etc.
There are few studies which assess the challenge of gridinfrastructure in the integration of wind power. For instance,Wang[14]studied grid investment, grid security, long-distancetransmissionandthedifficultiesofwindpowerintegrationatpresent.Liaoetal.[15]criticisedtheinadequacyoftransmissionlinesinthewindenergydevelopment.However,webelievethatthereisaneedtofurtherinvestigatetheseissuessincetheyarecriticaltothedevelopmentofwindpowerinChina.Furthermore,windpowerisnotastand-aloneenergysource;
itneedstobecomplementedbyotherenergysourceswhenwinddoesnotblow.Althoughtheviabilityandfeasibilityofthecombinationofwind powerwith otherpower generation technologieshave beendiscussedwidelyinothercountries,noneofthepapersreviewedthe
situationintheChinesecontext.Inthispaper,wediscussandclarifytwomajorissuesinlightoftheChinesewindenergydistributionprocess:
1)thecapabilityofthegridinfrastructuretoabsorbandtransmitlargeamountsofwindpoweredelectricity,especiallywhenthesewindfarmsarebuiltinremoteareas;
2)thechoicesandviabilityofthebackupsystemstocopewiththefluctuationsofwindelectricityoutput.
2.Istheexistingpowergridinfrastructuresufficient?
Windpowerhastobegeneratedatspecificlocationswithsufficientwindspeedandotherfavourableconditions.InChina,mostofthewindenergypotentialislocatedinremoteareaswithsparsepopulationsandlessdevelopedeconomies.Itmeansthatlesswindpoweredelectricitywouldbeconsumedclosetoth
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