朗文英语听说教程二听力原文.docx
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朗文英语听说教程二听力原文.docx
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LECTUREAUDIOSCRIPTS
UNIT1What’sinaName?
TEACHER:
Goodmorning,everybody.Goodmorning,Felipe,Monica,
Theo,andIcan'trememberyourname.
STUDENT1:
Patricia.
TEACHER:
Patricia,right,Patricia.Thoseareallbeautifulnames,andthat's
ourtopictoday-names.Namesareacultureuniversal.Thismeanseveryone
usesnames.Aperson'snamecantellusabitaboutaperson'sfamily.Today,
we’llbeginbylookingatfirstnamesandhowpeoplechoosenamesfortheir
children.Andthenwe'lltalkaboutfamilynames,andlookatthedifferent
categoriesoffamilynames.Althoughthescopeofthelecturetodayis
English-languagenames,wecanusethesameapproach,youknow,tolookat
namesfromanyculture.
Let'stakeabrieflookatfirst,orgivennames.Thereareseveralwaysparents
choosethefirstnamefortheirchild.
Thefirstwayisbyfamilyhistory.Parentsmaychooseanamebecauseitis
passedfromgenerationtogeneration;forexample,thefirstbornsonmightbe
namedafterhisfatherorgrandfather.Althoughfamilynamesarealsopassed
todaughters,itisusuallyasamiddlename.Adding"junior"or"thesecond"
forexample,WilliamParkerthesecondsonlydonewithboys',notwithgirls’
names.
Thesecondwayparentschooseanameisafterafamilymemberorfriendwho
hasdiedrecently,oraftersomeone"theyadmire,likeawell-knownleaderor
afamousmusician.AlthoughmostEnglishfirstnamesmeansomething,for
example,"Richard"meanspowerfuland“Ann"meansgrace,nowadays
meaningisnotthemainreasonpeopleselecttheirbaby'sname.
Thethirdwayistoprovidea"push"forthechild.Parentswanttochoosea
namethatsoundsvery"successful."Astrongnamemighthelptheminthe
businessworld,forexample.Ortheymightchooseanamethatworksfor
eithergender,likeTaylororTerry.So,giventhesethreemethods,whatisthe
mostcommonwayparentschooseaname?
Manyparentschooseaname
simplybecausetheylikeit,orbecauseit'sfashionableorclassic.Fashionsin
nameschangejustastheydoinclothes.Onehundredyearsago,manynames
camefromtheBiblenamessuchasDaniel,andAnna,andHannahand
Matthew.Thenfiftyyearsago,Biblicalnameswentoutoffashion.Nowadays,
namesfromtheBiblearebecomingpopularagain.
Similarly,parentsoftenchooseclassicnames,namesthatwerepopularin
1900,1950,andarestillpopularnow.ClassicnamesforboysincludeThomas,
David,Robert,andMichael.Andforgirls:
Anna,Elizabeth,Emily,and
Katherine,justtonameafew.They'reclassic.Theynevergooutofstyle.
Let'slookattheoriginoflastnames,alsocalledfamilynamesorsurnames.
Researchershavestudiedthousandsoflastnames,andthey'vedividedthem
intofourcategories.Thecategoriesare:
placenames,patronymics,added
names,andoccupationalnames.Arecentsurveyshowedthatofthe7,000
mostpopularnamesintheUnitedStatestoday,43percentwereplacenames,
32percentwerepatronymics,15percentwereoccupationalnames,and9
percentwereaddednames.
Thefirstcategoryisplacenames.Placenamesusuallyidentifiedwherea
personlivedorworked.SomeonenamedJohnHilllivednearahill,for
example,andtheRiversfamilylivednearariver.IfyouhearthenameEmma
Bridges,whatimagedoyousee?
Doyouseeafamilythatlivesnearabridge?
Ifyoudo,yougettheidea.
Thesecondcategoryispatronymics.That'sP-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S.A
patronymicisthefather’sname,plusanendinglikeS-E-NorS-O-N.The
endingmeansthatachild,aboy,isthesonofhisfather.ThenamesRobertson,
Petersen,andWilsonarepatronymics.RobertsonissonofRobert,Petersenis
sonofPeter,andsoon.
Thethirdcategoryisaddednames.Linguistssometimescallthiscategory
"nicknames,"butwhenmostofusheartheword"nickname,"wethinkofa
specialnameafriendoraparentmightuse.Theword"nickname"isactually
anoldEnglishwordthatmeansanadditionalname,anaddedname.SoI'll
usetheterm"addedname."Thiscategoryoflastnamesisfunbecausethe
namesusuallydescribedaperson.Reed,Baldwin,andBiggsareexamples.
Reedwasfrom"red"forredhair.Baldwinwassomeonewhowasbald,
someonewhohadlittleornohair.AndBiggs.
STUDENT2:
Someonebig?
TEACHER:
Yeah,someonebig,right.Now,ifwelookaroundtheroom,we
couldprobablycomeupwithsomenewlastnames,like,uh.CurlyorStrong.
Now,thefourthcategoryisoccupationalnames.Theoriginofthefamily
namewastheperson'soccupation.Themostcommonexamplesof
occupationalnamesstillusedtodayareBaker(someonewhobakesbread).
Tailor(someonewhosewsclothes).Miller(someonewhomakesflourfor
bread),andSmith....Now,Smithisactuallythemostcommonnameinthe
westernEnglish-speakingworld.Thenamecomes
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