章振邦英语语法教程Lecture 1Grammatical HierarchyWord格式文档下载.docx
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章振邦英语语法教程Lecture 1Grammatical HierarchyWord格式文档下载.docx
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sentence,sentencegroup,andtext.Sentenceisthehighestrankingrammaticalhierarchy,andthelowestrankonthetextuallevel.ThefollowingisabriefdescriptionofthegrammaticalhierarchyoftheEnglishlanguage.
1.1Morphemes
Amorphemeisthesmallestmeaning-carryinggrammaticalunit.Itfallsintotwocategories:
freemorphemesandboundmorphemes.
1)Freemorphemes
Afreemorphemehasacompletemeaningandcanstandbyitselfasasimpleword.Itcansometimesactasacompleteutteranceinconnectedspeech.Chair,boy,desk,andcruelarefreemorphemes.Afreemorphemecanbetherootofaderivative,suchaskindly,friendliness.
2)Boundmorphemes
Boundmorphemesaremostlyaffixes.Theyarealsomeaningful,butthemeaningisnotcompleteinitselfunlessitisattachedtosomeotherform.Therefore,aboundmorphemecannotstandbyitself:
itonlyexistsasanaffixoracombiningform.
Theaffixcanbedividedintotwotypes:
inflectionalandderivational.Inflectionalaffixesinclude:
plural–s/-es,possessive–’s,thirdpersonsingular-s/-es,past–ed,participle–ing,participle–ed,comparative–er,andsuperlative–est.Derivationalaffixescanbefurtherdividedintoprefixesandsuffixes,suchasanti-war,co-exist,movement,andcareless.Theuseofaninflectionalaffixdoesnotchangetheidentityofaword,butthatofaderivationalaffixusuallyresultsinanewlexeme.
Boundmorphemescanalsobecombiningforms,whichcanactasboundroottoformprimitivederivatives,suchasreceive,conceive,andperceive.Theycanalsobeusedtogetherwithothercombiningformsorwordstoformcompoundwordsorneo-classicalcompounds,suchasminibus,miniskirt,biology,telescope,andelectrocardiogram.
1.2Words
Thewordiscomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme.Wordscanbeclassifiedintwoways:
1)Simplewords,derivatives&
compounds
Wordsthatarecomposedofonemorphemeonlyarecalledsimplewords.art,joy,kind,up,down,hand,footandable,forexample,aresimplewords.
Wordsthatareformedbyaddinganaffixtoanexistingwordarecalledderivatives.Forexample,interference,unhelpful,driver,management,unfair,disloyal,andnonviolentarederivatives.
Awordformedbycombiningtwoormorebasesiscalledacompound.Forexample,whichever,snowfall,downfall,bookcase,home-made,tax-freeandbabysitting.
2)Closed-classwords&
open-classwords
Intermsofsyntacticfunction,wordscanbeclassifiedintoclosed-classwordsandopen-classwords.Closed-classwordsrefertothosesetsofwordswhoseitemsare“closed”orlimitedinnumberandareonlyexceptionallyextendedbythecreationofadditionalnumbers.InEnglish,functionwordssuchasauxiliaries,conjunctionsandprepositionsareclosed-classwords.
Open-classwordsrefertothosesetsofwordswhoseitemsareindefinitelyextendable.Newitemsareconstantlybeingcreatedandolditemsaregivingplacetonewones.Nouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbsformopen-classwords.
1.3Phrases
Thephraseiscomposedofoneormorethanoneword.Generally,thephraseisagroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeywordasitshead.Theheaddeterminestheclassofthephraseandthewayinwhichthewordsareorganized.
1)Thenounphrase
Thenounphraseisaphrasewithanounasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanounphraseis:
(determiner+)(premodifier+)noun(+postmodifier)
aprettylittlegirlstandingatthedoor
allthewoodencottagesthathavesurvivedtheearthquake
2)Theverbphrase
Theverbphrasewhichisaphrasewithamainverbasitsheadcanbesimpleorcomplex.Asimpleverbphraseisjustamainverbor“modifier+mainverb”.Acomplexverbphraseisamainverbprecededbyanauxiliary(orauxiliaries)(+modifier).Forexample:
Heworkshard.
Hehasbeenworkingontheprojectfortwoweeks.
Inthefirstexample,“works”isasimpleverbphrase;
andinthesecondexample,“hasbeenworking”isacomplexverbphrase.
Intermsofgrammaticalform,averbphrasecanbefiniteornon-finite.Afiniteverbphraseisinitiatedbyafiniteform,thatis,averbthatbearstensedistinction.Anon-finiteverbphraseisaphraseinitiatedbyanon-finiteform,thatis,averbthatdoesnotchangeitsformaccordingtotenseorsubject.
3)Theadjectivephrase
Theadjectivephraseisaphrasewithanadjectiveasitshead.Thegeneralpatternofanadjectivephraseis:
(modifier+)adjective(+postmodifier/complementation)
Thecourseisnotverydifficult.
Youarenotcarefulenough.
Theweatheristoohottobeenjo
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