语言学问答题Word文档格式.docx
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语言学问答题Word文档格式.docx
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Displacement
Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thispropertyprovidesspeakerswithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeorplace.
Culturaltransmission
Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearningratherthanbyinstinct.Incontrast,animalcallsystemsaregeneticallytransmitted.
2.HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?
1)bymannerofarticulation.
a.stops(plosive爆破音):
[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]
b.fricatives(磨擦音):
[f],[v],[s],[z],[θ],[ð
],[∫],[ʒ],[h]
c.affricates(破擦音):
[t∫],[dʒ]
d.liquids(lateral边音,流音):
[l],[r]
e.nasals(鼻音):
[m],[n],[ŋ]
f.glides(semivowels半元音):
[w],[j]
2)byplaceofarticulation:
a.bilabial(双唇音):
[p],[b],[m],[w]
b.labiodental(唇齿音):
[f],[v]
c.dental(舌齿音):
[θ],[ð
]
d.alveolar(齿龈音):
[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]
e.palatal(腭音):
[∫],[ʒ],[t∫],[dʒ],[j]
f.velar(软腭音):
[k],[g],[ŋ]
g.glottal(喉音,声门单):
[h]
3.WhatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheEnglishvowels?
英语的元音是如何分类的?
1)Accordingtothepositionofthetongue,vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfrontvowelssuchas[i:
][i][e][æ
][a],centralvowelssuchas[
ɜ:
][ə][ʌ],andbackvowelssuchas[u:
][ʊ][ɔ:
][ɔ][ɑ:
]
2)Accordingtotheopennessofthemouth,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:
closevowelssuchas[i:
][i][u:
][ʊ],semi-closevowelssuchas[e][ɜ:
],semi-openvowelssuchas[ə][ɔ:
],andopenvowelssuchas[æ
][a][ʌ][ɔ]and[ɑ:
].
3)Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelsaredividedintoroundedvowelsandunroundedvowels.InEnglishallthefrontandcentralvowelsareunroundedvowels,allthebackvowels,withexceptionof[ɑ:
],arerounded.
4)Accordingtothelengthofthevowels,theEnglishvowelscanalsobeclassifiedintolongvowelsandshortvowels.Thelongvowelsinclude[i:
][ɜ:
][ɔ:
][u:
][ɑ:
],whiletherestareshortvowels.
4.Whatarephonemiccontrast,complementarydistribution,andminimalpair?
Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundscanoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyareinphonemiccontrast.[p],[b]
Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsaretwoallophonesofthesamephonemeandtheyoccurindifferentenvironments,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.[p],[ph].
Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Forexample,killandbill.
5.Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationrule,andthedeletionrule.
Sequentialrulereferstotherulethatgovernsthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.
Forexample,ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.
Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules:
thefirstphonememustbe/s/
thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/
thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/
Assimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.
Forexample,the[i:
]soundinwordslikebean,green,team,andscream.Thisisbecauseinallthesesoundcombinationsthe[i:
]soundisfollowedbyanasal[n]or[m].
Deletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.
Forexample,inthepronunciationofthewordsignordesign,thereisno[g]soundalthoughitisrepresentedinspellingbytheletterg.Butintheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,the[g]representedbythelettergispronounced.Therule:
deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.
6.Whataresuprasegmentalfeatures?
Howdothemajorsuprasegmentalf
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