CVVHWord下载.docx
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CVVHWord下载.docx
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4-Whatisdialysis?
5-Whatisdialysate?
6-Whatisultrafiltration?
Hemofiltration?
7-WhatisSCUF?
8-IsCVVHthesameashemodialysis?
9-WhyuseCVVHinsteadofhemodialysis?
10-Whatiscreatinineclearance?
11-Whatisthe“filtrationspectrum”?
12-WhatwillCVVHclearfromapatient’sblood,andwhatwon’titclear?
13-WhatarethemainreasonsforstartingapatientonCVVH?
Hardware
14-Whatisthebasichardwaresetup?
15-Whatisthebloodpath?
16-Whatistheultrafiltratepath?
17-Whatisthefluidreplacementpath?
18-Whichmachinedoweuse?
19-WhatisaPrisma?
20-WhatisaQuintoncatheter?
21-DoesitmatterwheretheQuintonisplaced?
22-Whatisthecatheterflushedwith?
23-Whatisthehemofilter?
24-Whatarethetwospacesinthefilter?
25-Whatisthemembrane?
26-Whatisthetransmembranepressure?
27-Whatisthe“bloodflowrate”?
28-Whatisthe“turnover”?
29-Whatistheairdetectorfor?
30-Whatisthebloodleakdetector?
31-Whatareallthetransducersfor?
32-Whatdoesthearterialtransducertellme?
33-Thevenoustransducer?
34-Whatabouttheothertwotransducers?
35-Whatisthecircuitheaterfor?
36-HowdoIprimethecircuit?
37-WhywouldIprimewithheparinorwithoutit?
38-HowdoImakesurethatthecircuitisreadytorun?
ChoicesofTreatment
39-Whywouldmypatientgetcitratereplacementfluid?
40-Whatis“citratetoxicity”?
41-Whywouldshegetbicarbreplacement?
42-IfI’mrunningheparinintothecircuit,amIanticoagulatingthemachine,thepatient,orboth?
43-Whatifthepatientisalreadyonheparin?
44-Howdotheyfigureouthowmuchfluidtogiveortakeoffeveryhour?
45-Howdothepatient’sCVP,PCWandhematocritcomeintothatdecision?
UpandRunning
46-HowdoIprepthecatheterbeforestartingupthemachine?
47-HowdoIgetthingsstartedup?
48-HowdoIcalculatethefirsthour’sfluidremoval?
49-HowdoIcalculatetheTBBuptothepointwheretheCVVHstarted?
50-HowdoIfigureoutwhatratetostartthecalciumdripat?
51-HowshouldItakecareoftheQuinton?
52-Howlongcanasystemstayup?
53-Whatisspecifictorunningacitratesystem?
54-Abicarbsystem?
55-WhatcanIinfusethroughthecircuit,andwhatcan’tI?
Labs
56-WhatlabsdoIneedtolookatbeforeIstartmypatientonCVVH?
57-Whataboutlabswhilethesystemisupandrunning?
58-Whatabouthemes?
Problems
59-Whywouldthemachine“godown”?
60-Aretherewaysthatcanbeprevented?
61-Whatifthemachinegoesdown,andIcan’tfigureoutwhat’swrong?
62-Whereareclotslikelytoforminthecircuit?
63-Whatdoesitmeanifthearterialpressurestartsgettingverylow?
64-Whatifthevenouspressurestartsgettingveryhigh?
65-Whatifbloodbacksupintooneofthetransducers?
66-Bothtransducers?
67-CouldsomethingbewrongwiththeQuinton?
68-WhatdoesitmeaniftheTMPstartsgettingveryhigh?
69-Whatiftheairdetectorstopsthemachine?
70-Whatifthebloodleakdetectorgoesoff?
71-Whatiftheheateralarmgoesoff?
72-WhenshouldIstartthinkingabouttakingthesystemdown?
73-WhatshouldIdoifIthinkthesystemisgoingtocrash?
74-Couldsomethingonthemachinepop,andspray?
1-
WhatisCVVH?
“ContinuousVeno-VenousHemofiltration”isasubstituteforhemodialysisthatrunscontinuouslyonamachinethatstandsatthebedside.Therearedifferentkinds,allcomingunderthegeneralheadingof“renalreplacmenttherapy”.
That’sitthere,ontherightsideofthebed.
http:
//www.aic.cuhk.edu.hk/web8/cvvh.JPG
2-
Whatis“continuousrenalreplacementtherapy?
”?
Iguessthathemodialysisandperitonealdialysisweretheonlygamesintownforalongtime,butnowadayswe’reeversomuchmoremodernthanthat,andthereareseveralmethodsaroundfordoingwhatthekidneyswouldordinarilydo.
Weonlyuseoneofthematthebedsideinourunit:
CVVH;
it’scalled“V-V”becauseitrunsfromvein-to-vein.Systemsthatwedon’tuse:
an“arterio-venous”method(CAVH),meaningthatthecircuitofbloodrunsfromanartery,tothemachine,andbackintothepatientthroughavein,andathirdtreatmentcalled“SCUF”:
“SlowContinuousUltrafiltration”,whichdoesn’tuseabloodpumptheywayoursystemdoes–it’sdriveninsteadbythepatients’ownbloodpressure.
It’simportanttopointoutthatwhatwe’redoingwiththissystemisn’tdialysisexactly;
it’sactually“hemofiltration”,alsocalled“ultrafiltration”.Dialysisandfiltrationworkondifferentprinciples,andwe’lllookatthosebrieflyinabit.Sufficetosay,we’vefoundthatoursystemworksquitewelltoclearuremicwastesinpatientswhosekidneyshavequitforonereasonoranother.
3-
Whydokidneysshutdown?
Rememberallthatstuffaboutpre-renal,intra-renal,andpost-renal?
Theydescribethethreemainwaysthatkidneysgethurt.Thefourthwayistoxicity,butwe’llleavethatforthetoxFAQthatoughttocometogethersomeday.
Onceagain,(andasalways,“withalotofliesthrownin”),thisstuffisn’tthathardJustthinkofwheretheurinecomesfrom,andwhereitgoes:
Pre-renalstuffhastodowiththebloodsupplyarrivingtothekidney,here…attheartery.
Intra-renal:
badthingsarehappeningwithinthestructureofthekidney–ATN,thatkindofthing.
Postrenalstuffhappenshere,wheretheurineistryingtoflowouttowardstheoutsideworld…
Pre-renal:
Infrontofthekidney.Theurineiscomingfromthebloodstream–beforeitreachesthekidney.Mostoftentheproblemissimplythatthereisn’tenoughbloodvolumeinfrontofthekidney–reachingit.Thepatientisdry.RemembertheBUN/creatinineratiothing?
Nottoohard.PuttheBUNoverthecreatinine,likeso:
10/1.0–soyoucouldcallthattentoone.
Nowtrythisone:
100/1.0–ahundredtoone.Thisoneis“way”dry–thepatient’skidneysareworking,youknowthatbecausethecreatinineisstillnormal(won’tbeforlong!
).ButtheBUNis,aswesayinMA,wickedhigh–meaningnotanexcessofBUNsomuchasalossofwater.Thispatientmighthaveahematocritof50–it’snotthatshehastoomanyredcells,butthatshe’slostalotofthewaterthattheyshouldbefloatingaroundin.
Insidethekidney,wheretheurineisbeingmade.Thekidneyitselfhas“takenahit”–inourpatientsthisusuallytheevilATN:
AcuteTubularNecrosis,usuallyfromhypotension.Ihateitwhenthathappens.Itturnsoutthatkidneysareverysensitivecreatures;
theydon’ttoleratebeinginsulted(“Stupidkidney!
”),andtheyfailifthey’reunderperfusedforanyseriouslengthoftime.Itvaries,butsometimesitseemsthatanelderlypatientwhobecomeshypotensivefor20minuteswilldevelopkidneyfailure.
Probablyrelated:
itseemsasthoughsomepatientswithhypertensionatbaselinedon’tmakemuchurineatwhatwewouldconsidernormalMAPs,butturnintoNiagaraFallswhentheirpressurerises–maybeforthehourwhenyouweredoingtheirbath.Theinterpretationputonthisisusuallythatthesepeoplearetheoneswithrenalarterystenosis:
theirkidneysareusedtoseeingahigherperfusionpressuremostofthetime,andeventhoughthey’renotfailingyet,exactly,they’restillnotdoingtheirstuffatwhattheythinkarehypotensivepressures.Makessense,inthatavasculopathwithbadcoronariesmayhavebadrenesforthesamereason.Ithinkitwasin“TheTennisPartner”thatIreadAbrahamVerghese’sdescriptionoffeelingapatient’sradialarterialpulse,andtryingtointuithowmuchdiffusevasculopathyshemighthavefromthefeeloftheradial’sstiffness.That’srealdoctoring!
PostRenal:
Afterthekidney–enoughbloodgotthere,theurinegotmadeokay,butnowit’shavingtroublegettingout,afterthekidney.Maybeaureterisblocked(oof–Iknowaboutthatone!
),maybetheurethraisblocked.Flushthefoley!
4-
Whatisdialysis?
It’saninterestingthingaboutmolecules–they’readventurous.Theywanttogoplaces.But–andthey’reveryseriousaboutthis-it’sreallyimportantforthemtospreadthemselvesaroundevenly;
theywanttotravelwiththeirfriends,ornotatall.Iftheyseeaplacewherethey’reunder-represented,overacrossyondersemi-permeablemembraneforexample,(Montana,maybe),well,offthey’regonnago,untilthere’sjustasmanyoverthereacrosstheborderinMontanaasthereareoverhereinIdaho.Wyomingmaybe.Nice,compulsivelittleICU-personalitymolecules–socute.
//www.chem.umass.edu/~botch/Chem112S05/Chapters/Ch14/Osmosis2.jpg
That’sthebasicideabehind“diffusionacrossaconcentrationgradient”.Whycan’tthesepeoplejustspeakEnglish?
Ifthere’stoomuchmoleculesoverhereonthisside,andnothardlynoneof‘emoveronthatside,whythen,they’rejustgonnagetupandgooveracrossthere–it’swhattheydo,astheGreatPhysicistdecreed,waybackthereintheBang.
Ofcoursethemembranehastohaveholesinittolet‘emthrough,right?
Justtherights
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- CVVH