01 Introduction five first lessonsWord文档格式.docx
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01 Introduction five first lessonsWord文档格式.docx
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ProfessorBenPolak:
SothisisGameTheoryEconomics159.Ifyou'
rehereforarthistory,you'
reeitherinthewrongroomorstayanyway,maybethisistherightroom;
butthisisGameTheory,okay.Youshouldhavefourhandouts;
everyoneshouldhavefourhandouts.Thereisalegalreleaseform--we'
lltalkaboutitinaminute--aboutthevideoing.Thereisasyllabus,whichisapreliminarysyllabus:
it'
salsoonline.AndtherearetwogameslabeledGame1andGame2.CanIgetyoualltolookatGame1andstartthinkingaboutit.Andwhileyou'
rethinkingaboutit,Iamhopingyoucanmultitaskabit.I'
lldescribeabitabouttheclassandwe'
llgetabitofadminunderourbelts.Butpleasetryandlookat--somebody'
snotlookingatit,becausethey'
reusingitasafanhere--solookatGame1andfilloutthatformforme,okay?
Sowhileyou'
refillingthatout,letmetellyoualittlebitaboutwhatwe'
regoingtobedoinghere.SowhatisGameTheory?
GameTheoryisamethodofstudyingstrategicsituations.Sowhat'
sastrategicsituation?
Welllet'
sstartoffwithwhat'
snotastrategicsituation.InyourEconomics-inyourIntroEconomicsclassin115or110,yousawsomeprettygoodexamplesofsituationsthatwerenotstrategic.Yousawfirmsworkinginperfectcompetition.Firmsinperfectcompetitionarepricetakers:
theydon'
tparticularlyhavetoworryabouttheactionsoftheircompetitors.Youalsosawfirmsthatweremonopolistsandmonopolistsdon'
thaveanycompetitorstoworryabout,sothat'
snotaparticularlystrategicsituation.They'
renotpricetakersbuttheytakethedemandcurve.Isthislookingfamiliarforsomeofyouwhocanrememberdoing115lastyearormaybetwoyearsagoforsomeofyou?
Everythinginbetweenisstrategic.Soeverythingthatconstitutesimperfectcompetitionisastrategicsetting.Thinkaboutthemotorindustry,themotorcarindustry.FordhastoworryaboutwhatGMisdoingandwhatToyotaisdoing,andforthemomentatleastwhatChryslerisdoingbutperhapsnotforlong.Sothere'
sasmallnumberoffirmsandtheiractionsaffecteachother.
Soforaliteraldefinitionofwhatstrategicmeans:
sasettingwheretheoutcomesthataffectyoudependonactions,notjustonyourownactions,butonactionsofothers.Allright,that'
sasmuchasI'
mgoingtosayforpreviewrightnow,we'
regoingtocomebackandseeplentyofthisoverthecourseofthenextsemester.
SowhatIwanttodoisgetontowherethisapplies.ItobviouslyappliesinEconomics,butitalsoappliesinpolitics,andinfact,thisclasswillcountasaPoliticalScienceclassifyou'
reaPoliticalSciencemajor.YoushouldgocheckwiththeDUSinPoliticalScience.Itcount-GameTheoryisveryimportantinlawthesedays.Soforthoseofyou--forthehalfofyou--thataregoingtoendupinlawschool,thisisprettygoodtraining.GameTheoryisalsousedinbiologyandtowardsthemiddleofthesemesterwe'
reactuallygoingtoseesomeexamplesofGameTheoryasappliedtoevolution.Andnotsurprisingly,GameTheoryappliestosport.
Solet'
stalkaboutabitofadmin.Howareyoudoingonfillingoutthosegames?
Everyonemanagingtomultitask:
fillinginGame1?
Keepwriting.IwanttogetsomeadminoutofthewayandIwanttostartbygettingoutofthewaywhatisobviouslytheelephantintheroom.Someofyouwillhavenoticedthatthere'
sacameracrewhere,okay.Soassomeofyouprobablyknow,Yaleisundergoinganopeneducationprojectandthey'
revideoingseveralclasses,andtheideaofthis,istomakeeducationalmaterialsavailablebeyondthewallsofYale.Infact,ontheweb,internationally,sopeopleinplaces,maybeplacesintheU.S.orplacesmilesaway,maybeinTimbuktuorwhatever,whofinditdifficulttogeteducationalmaterialsfromthelocaluniversityorwhatever,canwatchcertainlecturesfromYaleontheweb.
Someofyouwouldhavebeeninclassesthatdothatbefore.What'
sgoingtodifferentaboutthisclassisthatyou'
regoingtobeparticipatinginit.Thewayweteachthisclassiswe'
regoingtoplaygames,we'
regoingtohavediscussions,we'
regoingtotalkamongtheclass,andyou'
regoingtobelearningfromeachother,andIwantyoutohelppeoplewatchingathometobeabletolearntoo.Andthatmeansyou'
regoingtobeonfilm,attheveryleastonmike.
Sohow'
sthatgoingtowork?
AroundtheroomarethreeT.A.sholdingmikes.Letmeshowyouwheretheyare:
onehere,onehere,andonehere.WhenIaskforclassroomdiscussions,I'
mgoingtohaveoneoftheT.A.sgotoyouwithamicrophonemuchlikein"
Donahue"
orsomething,okay.Atcertaintimes,you'
regoingtobeseenonfilm,sothecameraisactuallygoingtocomearoundandpointinyourdirection.
NowIreallywantthistohappen.Ihadtoargueforthistohappen,causeIreallyfeelthatthisclassisn'
taboutme.I'
mpartoftheclassobviously,butit'
saboutyouteachingeachotherandparticipating.Butthere'
sacatch,thecatchis,thatthatmeansyouhavetosignthatlegalreleaseform.
Soyou'
llseethatyouhaveinfrontofyoualegalreleaseform,youhavetobeabletosignit,andwhatthatsaysisthatwecanuseyoubeingshowninclass.Thinkofthisasabadhairdayreleaseform.Allright,youcan'
tsueYalelaterifyouhadabadhairday.ForthoseofyouwhoareontherunfromtheFBI,yourVisahasrunout,oryou'
resittingnexttoyourex-girlfriend,nowwouldbeagoodtimetoputapaperbagoveryourhead.
Allright,nowjusttogetyouusedtotheidea,ineveryclasswe'
regoingtohaveIthinkthesametwopeople,soJudeisthecameraman;
whydon'
tyouallwavetoJude:
thisisJudeokay.AndWesisouraudioguy:
thisisWes.AndIwilltryandremembernottoincludeJudeandWesintheclassroomdiscussions,butyoushouldbeawarethatthey'
rethere.Now,ifthisismakingyounervous,ifit'
sanyconsolation,it'
smakingmeverynervous.
So,allright,we'
lltryandmakethisclassworkassmoothlyaswecan,allowingforthisextrathing.Letmejustsay,noone'
smakinganymoneyoffthis--atleastI'
mhopingtheseguysarebeingpaid--butmeandtheT.A.sarenotbeingpaid.Theaimofthis,thatIthinkisagoodaim,it'
saneducationalproject,andI'
mhopingyou'
llhelpuswithit.Theonedifferenceitisgoingtomean,isthatattimesImightholdsomeofthediscussionsfortheclass,comingdownintothispartoftheroom,here,tomakeitalittleeasierforJude.
Allright,howarewedoingnowonfillingoutthoseforms?
Haseveryonefilledintheirstrategyforthefirstgame?
Notyet.Okay,let'
sgoondoingabitmoreadmin.ThethingyoumostlycareaboutI'
mguessing,isthegrades.Allright,sohowisthegradegoingtoworkforthisclass?
30%oftheclasswillbeonproblemsets,30%ofthegrade;
30%onthemid-term,and40%onthefinal;
so30/30/40.
Themid-termwillbeheldinclassonOctober17th;
thatisalsoinyoursyllabus.Pleasedon'
tanybodytellmelate-anytimeaftertodayyoudidn'
tknowwhenthemid-termwasandthereforeitclasheswith17differentthings.Themid-termisonOctober
17th,whichisaWednesday,inclass.Allright,theproblemsets:
therewillberoughlytenproblemsetsandI'
lltalkaboutthemmorelateronwhenIhandthemout.ThefirstonewillgooutonMondaybutitwillbeduetendayslater.Roughlyspeakingthey'
llbeeveryweek.
Thegradedistribution:
allright,sothisistheroughgradedistribution.Roughlyspeaking,asixthoftheclassaregoingtoendupwithA'
s,asixtharegoingtoendupwithA-,asixtharegoingtoendupwithB+,asixtharegoingtoendupwithB,asixtharegoingtoendupwithB-,andtheremainingsixth,ifIaddedthatupright,aregoingtoendupwithwhatIguesswe'
renowcallingthepresidentialgrade,isthatright?
That'
snotliterallytrue.I'
mgoingtosqueezeitabit,I'
mgoingtocurveitabit,soactuallyslightlyfewerthanasixthwillgetstraightA'
s,andfewerthanasixthwillgetC'
sandbelow.We'
llsqueezethemiddletomakethembemoreB'
s.OnethingIcanguaranteefrompastexperienceinthisclass,isthatthemediangradewillbeaB+.ThemedianwillfallsomewhereintheB+'
s.Justasforewarningforpeoplewhohaveforgottenwhatamedianis,thatmeanshalfofyou--notapproximatelyhalf,itmeansexactlyhalfofyou--willbegettingsomethinglikeB+andbelowandhalfwillgetsomethinglikeB+andabove.
Now,howareyoudoinginfillingintheforms?
Everyonefilledtheminyet?
Surelymustbeprettyclosetogettingeveryonefilledin.Allright,solastthingstotalkaboutbeforeIactuallycollectthemin-textbooks.Therearetextbooksforthisclass.Themaintextbookisthisone,Dutta'
sbookStrategyandGames.Ifyouwantaslightlytougherbook,morerigorousbook,tryJoelWatson'
sbook,Strategies.Bothof
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- 01 Introduction five first lessons