proposal 写作Word格式文档下载.docx
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proposal 写作Word格式文档下载.docx
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regoingtoauniversitytodothisverypieceofresearch.Comparedtothis,therestoftheapplicationisbackgroundscenery.Takeyourtimetothinkofit.Whenyouhaveanidea,becarefulattheformulation.Awell-writtenhypothesisissomethingofanessay'
sthesis:
itprovidesastatementthatcanbetested(arguesaheadoneofthepossibleanswerstoaproblem),itisanidea,aconcept,andnotamerefact,andissummedupinonephrase.Insomecases,youwillhavenoideawhatthepossibleanswertoaproblemworthbeingresearchedis,butyouwillbeabletothinkofawaytosolvethatproblem,andfindouttheanswerinthemeantime.It'
sokinthiscase,toformulatearesearchquestion,ratherthanahypothesis.Letthosecasesberare,inanyway.
Anotherpieceofadvicewhenwritingyourhypothesis,regardingthetrendyresearchfields:
chancesaregreatthatthey'
retrendybecausesomebodyhasalreadymadethatexcitingdiscovery,orwrotethatsplendidpaperthatawokeeverybody'
sinterestinthefirstplace.Ifyou'
reinoneofthesefields,trytogetafreshpointofviewuponthesubject;
makenewconnections,don'
tbe100%mainstream.Thiswillmaketheprojectevenmorestimulatingforthereader.Imaginethatyouarewritingaboutthetrendiestsubject,withabsolutelynochangeinthepointofview,andyouaregiventhechancetomaketheresearch.Trendscomeandgo,fast;
whatarethechancesthat,infouryears'
time,whenyourresearchisdoneandyouarereadytopublishyourresults,oneofthosewell-knownprofessorswhodisposeofhugeresearchgrantshasalreadysaidwhateveryouhadtosay?
Rememberhow,inastructuredessay,rightafterthethesisyouwouldpresenttheorganizationofyouressay,byenumeratingthemainargumentsyouweregoingtopresent?
SamethingshouldhappeninaRP.Afterstatingyourthesis,youshouldgiveashortaccountofyouranswerstothosethreequestionsmentionearlier.State,inafewphrases,whatwillbelearnedfromyourresearch,thatyourprojectwillmakeadifference,andwhyisthatimportanttobeknown.Youwillhavetoelaborateonbothoftheselaterinthepaper.
Thenextstepinwritingyourproposalistoprovethatthatparticularpieceofresearchhasnotbeendoneyet.ThissectionisusuallycalledLiteratureReview.Insideit,youhavetoenumerateandcriticallyanalyzeanimpressivelistofboringbibliography.Theconclusionyoushould-objectively!
-Reachisthatyourideaofresearchhasnotbeenundertakenyet.Evenmore,youusethisopportunitytoprovesolidtheoreticalknowledgeinthefield,andbuildthetheoreticalbasesofyourproject.Onetip:
don'
treviewallthearticlesandbooksinthefieldsevenifyoumentiontheminthebibliographylist;
payattentioninyouranalysistothoseyouwillbuildon.Anotherone:
avoidjargonwhenwritingyourRP.Thechancesaregreatthattheperson(s)whowillreadyourandanother1000researchproposalsarenotspecialistsinthatveryfield-nicheyouareexamining.Ifyouareapplyingforagrantwithorfoundationorsomethingsimilar,itmighthappenthatthosereadingyourpaperarenotevenprofessors,butrecruiters,donors,etc.Andeveniftheyactuallyareprofessors,oneofthereasonsbusypeoplelikethemagreetoundertakeahuge,andsometimesvoluntary,work,isthedesiretomeetsomediversity,somechangefromtheirwork-somaybethey'
llreadapplicationsforanotherspecialization.Thecapacitytogetyourmessageacrossinclear,easy-to-graspconceptsandphrasesisoneofthewinningpapers'
mostimportantadvantages.
Sofar,youhaveprovenyouhavearesearchidea,thatyouarefamiliarwiththefield,andthatyourideaisnew.Now,whyshouldyourprojectbeworthresearching?
Becauseitadvancesknowledge,ok.Butisthisknowledgethatanybodywillneed?
MaybenobodyknowsforsurehowtheshoelaceswerebeingtiedintheXIXthcentury,butwhocares,beyondtwolace-tyingspecialists?
Findargumentstoconvincethereaderthats/heshouldgiveyoumoneyforthatresearch:
practicaluse,acceleratingthedevelopmentofknowledgeinyourorotherfields,openingnewresearchpossibilities,abetterunderstandingoffactsthatwillallowamoreappropriatecourseofactionarepossiblereasons.Beclearandspecific.Don'
tpromisetosavetheworld;
itmightbetoomuchtostartwith.EvenJamesBondsucceedsthatonlytowardstheendofthemovie.
Weapproachnowoneofthemostdifficultpartsofwritingaresearchproposal:
themethodology.Inshort,whatactionsareyougoingtotakeinordertoanswerthequestion?
Whenwillyouknowwhetherthehypothesishasbeenprovenwrong,orhassurvivedenoughteststobeconsidered,fornow,valid?
Thosetestsandthewayyouaresupposedtohandlethemtogiverigortoyourresearchiswhatisunderstoodundermethods.Methodsdivideinqualitative(interviews,questionnaires)andquantitative(statistics,stuffthatdealsintensivelywithnumbers).Forsomeprojectsqualitativemethodsaremoreappropriate,forsomequantitative,whileformostamixtureofthetwoisadequate.Youshouldpickyourmethodsandjustifyyourchoice.Researchmethodology,however,istooacomplicatedthingtobeexplainedhere.Andthisiswhyit'
ssotough:
notmuchattentionisgiventoteachingitinEasternEurope.Try,beforewritingyourRP,toreadabitmoreaboutmethodology-ontheInternetyouwillfindforsuresomearticles-anddecidewhichmethodssuityourprojectbest.Don'
tforget:
readingtheoreticalpiecesofyourworkandprovidingacriticalanalysisofthoseisalsoakindofresearch.It'
sfinetoprovidearoughscheduleofyourresearch;
somegrantprogramswillalsorequireadetailedbudget,eventhoughforscholarshipsthisisunlikely.
Conclusions:
Afterworkingyourwaythroughthedifficultmethodologicalpart,youonlyhavetowriteyourconclusions.Shortlyrecapwhyyourhypothesisisnew,whyitadvancesknowledge,whyisitworthresearchingandhow,fromapracticalpointofview,areyougoingtodothat.Overall,thecapacityofyourprojecttoanswertheresearchquestionshouldcomeoutcrystalclearfromthebodyofthepaper,andespeciallyfromtheconclusions.Ifthishappens,itmeansyouhaveawell-writtenRP,andyouhavejustincreasedyouchancesforhavingasuccessfulapplication.
Onelastword:
howbigshouldyourRPbe?
Inmostcases,thisisspecifiedintheapplicationform.Ifitisnot,wesuggestthatyoukeepitatabout1500words(that'
s3pages,single-spaced,with12sizeTimesNewRoman).InfewerwordsitcanbereallytoughtowriteagoodRP.Withmoreyoumightboreyourreaders.Whichwehopewillnothappen.
Goodluck!
ResearchProposal
(1):
Qualitativeorientation
CrystalLohWaiYing;
M.PhilProposal;
Dept.ofSociology,HKU.
(I)ProposedTitle
(II)Introduction
(III)BriefLiteratureReview
EnvironmentalVariablesandCrime
RationalChoice
CrimePreventionThroughEnvironmentDesign(CPTED)
(IV)Methodology
ParticipantObservation
IndividualInterviews
CommunityObservation
AnalysisofOfficial/UnofficialStatistic
(V)ProposedResearchTime-Table
(VI)References
TheRelationshipbetweenJuvenileDelinquencyandEnvironmentalVariablesinNewTown,TuenMun
TheproblemofjuveniledelinquencyinTuenMun'
snewtown'
hasbecomemoreandmorealarminginrecentyears.Accordingtorecentpolicestatistics,thefigureof662recordedjuvenilearrestsinTuenMunwasthehighestamongallpolicedistrictsintheterritoryinthefirsthalfof1996.Suchfiguresraisepublicconcernabouttheoccurrenceofjuveniledelinquencyinthecontextofplannedhousinginthenewtowns.Anumberofquestionsarise,suchas:
"
WhydoesTuenMunsuffermoreJuvenileDelinquencythanotherplaces?
;
IstheenvironmentofTuenMunmorefavorableforJuvenileDelinquencythanotherplaces?
and"
Howfardotheenvironmentalfeaturesinfluencethechancesofdelinquencyoccurring?
.Hence,thefollowinghypothesiswillbeexaminedinmyproposedstudy:
“TheenvironmentofTuenMun'
snew
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