莎士比亚课件资料Word文档下载推荐.docx
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莎士比亚课件资料Word文档下载推荐.docx
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历史学家乔治·
斯蒂文森说,后人从这些文字资料中大概勾勒出莎士比亚的生活轨迹:
20岁后到伦敦,先在剧院当马夫.杂役,后入剧团,做过演员.导演.编剧,并成为剧院股东;
1588年前后开始写作,先是改编前人的剧三,不久即开始独立创作。
当时的剧坛为牛津、剑桥背景的“大学才子”们所把持,一个成名的剧作家曾以轻蔑的语气写文章嘲笑莎士比亚这样一个“粗俗的平民”、“暴发户式的乌鸦”竟敢同“高尚的天才”一比高低!
但莎士比亚后来却赢得了包括大学生团体在内的广大观众的拥护和爱戴,学生们曾在学校业余演出过莎士比亚的一些剧本,如《哈姆雷特》、《错误的喜剧》。
1597年重返家乡购置房产,度过人生最后时光。
他虽受过良好的基本教育,但是未上过大学。
1598年大学人士F.米尔斯已在其《智慧的宝库》中,列举莎士比亚35岁以前的剧作,称赞他的喜剧、悲剧都“无与伦比”,能和古代第一流戏剧诗人们并称。
但他生前没出版过自己的剧作。
写作的成功,使莎士比亚赢得了骚桑普顿勋爵的眷顾,勋爵成了他的保护人。
莎士比亚在90年代初曾把他写的两首长诗《维纳斯与阿都尼》、《鲁克丽丝受辱记》献给勋爵,也曾为勋爵写过一些十四行诗。
借助勋爵的关系,莎士比亚走进了贵族的文化莎龙,使他对上流社会有了观察和了解的机会,扩大了他的生活视野,为他日后的创作提供了丰富的源泉。
从1594年起,他所属的剧团受到王宫大臣的庇护,称为“宫内大臣剧团”。
1596年,他以他父亲的名义申请到“绅士”称号和拥有纹章的权利,又先后3次购置了可观的房地产。
1603年,詹姆士一世继位,他的剧团改称“国王供奉剧团”,他和团中演员被任命为御前侍从,因此剧团除了经常的巡回演出外,也常常在宫廷中演出,莎士比亚创作的剧本进而蜚声社会各界。
莎士比亚在伦敦住了二十多年,而在此期间他的妻子仍一直呆在斯特拉福。
他在接近天命之年时隐退回归故里斯特拉福(1612年左右)。
1616年4月23日莎士比亚在其五十二岁生日前后不幸去世,葬于圣三一教堂。
死前留有遗嘱。
他的两个据说比较可靠的肖像是教堂中的半身塑像和德罗肖特画像,手迹则有6份签名和《托马斯·
莫尔爵士》一剧中三页手稿。
1623年,演员J·
海明和H·
康代尔把他的剧作印成对开本,收进36出戏(其中20出是首次付印),号称“第一对开本”。
从1772年开始,有人对于莎剧的作者不断提出过疑问,并且企图证实作者是培根、C·
马洛、勒特兰伯爵、牛津伯爵、德比伯爵、等等,但都缺乏证据。
莎士比亚是著名的同性恋者,他的十四行诗全部都是写给他的同性爱人的.据英媒体报道,最近一位英国收藏家重新确认了一幅家藏油画的画中人身份,原来这名美艳“女子”不是别人,正是莎翁传说中的同性恋情侣——南安普顿伯爵三世亨利·
里奥谢思利。
发现这幅“惊世”油画的科布家族家藏甚丰,继承了全部艺术品收藏的阿莱克·
科布在接受记者采访时表示,自己从儿时起一直以为画中人是位名叫诺顿的贵妇,因为在这幅油画的背面赫然写着诺顿夫人的字样。
但几年前,一位偶然来访的艺术收藏家告诉科布,他认为画中人并非女性,而是易容扮作女性的须眉。
一席话惊醒梦中人,科布开始重新审视其真实身份,直到今年年初才终于揭开谜底。
这幅油画的历史可以追溯到16世纪末,画中的南安普顿伯爵涂脂抹粉,嘴唇上抹着唇膏,左耳还戴着精致的耳环,手抚披散到胸前的长发,看上去一派女人风情。
英国历史文物权威机构“全国托管协会”已确认油画为真迹,此画完成于1590年至1593年,当时莎士比亚正住在南安普顿伯爵三世的府上。
尽管一代文豪莎翁娶了安娜·
哈撒韦,但他的真正性取向一直是文学批评家争议不绝的话题。
南安普顿伯爵为同性恋的传说由来已久,他与莎翁的关系更是扑朔迷离。
伯爵曾招待莎翁入住自己的寓所,莎翁著名的《十四行诗集》又是献给一位俊俏不凡、“美若女子”的年轻男子。
(学生以为:
十四行诗集前面十几首都是推崇传宗接代的,不能理解成写给其男友的.)不少史学家早已考据,莎翁诗中的倾慕之情大有可能是投向这位易容扮女人的英俊男友。
1616年莎士比亚在其五十二岁生日前后不幸去世,葬于圣三一教堂,他去世的那天,与他出生的那天同月同日。
他的两个据说比较可靠的肖像是教堂中的半身塑像和德罗肖特画像,手迹则有6份签名和《托马斯·
●W.WilliamShakespeare
WilliamShakespeare(baptised26April1564;
died23April1616)wasanEnglishpoetandplaywright,widelyregardedasthegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguageandtheworld'
spre-eminentdramatist.HeisoftencalledEngland'
snationalpoetandthe"
BardofAvon"
.Hissurvivingworks,includingsomecollaborations,consistof38plays,154sonnets,twolongnarrativepoems,andseveralotherpoems.Hisplayshavebeentranslatedintoeverymajorlivinglanguageandareperformedmoreoftenthanthoseofanyotherplaywright.
ShakespearewasbornandraisedinStratford-upon-Avon.Attheageof18,hemarriedAnneHathaway,whoborehimthreechildren:
Susanna,andtwinsHamnetandJudith.Between1585and1592,hebeganasuccessfulcareerinLondonasanactor,writer,andpartownerofaplayingcompanycalledtheLordChamberlain'
sMen,laterknownastheKing'
sMen.HeappearstohaveretiredtoStratfordaround1613,wherehediedthreeyearslater.FewrecordsofShakespeare'
sprivatelifesurvive,andtherehasbeenconsiderablespeculationaboutsuchmattersashisphysicalappearance,sexuality,religiousbeliefs,andwhethertheworksattributedtohimwerewrittenbyothers.
Shakespeareproducedmostofhisknownworkbetween1589and1613.Hisearlyplaysweremainlycomediesandhistories,genresheraisedtothepeakofsophisticationandartistrybytheendofthesixteenthcentury.Hethenwrotemainlytragediesuntilabout1608,includingHamlet,KingLear,andMacbeth,consideredsomeofthefinestworksintheEnglishlanguage.Inhislastphase,hewrotetragicomedies,alsoknownasromances,andcollaboratedwithotherplaywrights.
Manyofhisplayswerepublishedineditionsofvaryingqualityandaccuracyduringhislifetime.In1623,twoofhisformertheatricalcolleaguespublishedtheFirstFolio,acollectededitionofhisdramaticworksthatincludedallbuttwooftheplaysnowrecognisedasShakespeare'
s.
Shakespearewasarespectedpoetandplaywrightinhisownday,buthisreputationdidnotrisetoitspresentheightsuntilthenineteenthcentury.TheRomantics,inparticular,acclaimedShakespeare'
sgenius,andtheVictoriansworshippedShakespearewithareverencethatGeorgeBernardShawcalled"
bardolatry"
.Inthetwentiethcentury,hisworkwasrepeatedlyadoptedandrediscoveredbynewmovementsinscholarshipandperformance.Hisplaysremainhighlypopulartodayandareconstantlystudied,performedandreinterpretedindiverseculturalandpoliticalcontextsthroughouttheworld.
●Shakespeare’sLife
Earlylife
WilliamShakespearewasthesonofJohnShakespeare,asuccessfulgloverandaldermanoriginallyfromSnitterfield,andMaryArden,thedaughterofanaffluentlandowningfarmer.HewasborninStratford-upon-Avonandbaptisedon26April1564.Hisactualbirthdateisunknown,butistraditionallyobservedon23April,StGeorge'
sDay.Thisdate,whichcanbetracedbacktoaneighteenth-centuryscholar'
smistake,hasprovedappealingbecauseShakespearediedon23April1616.Hewasthethirdchildofeightandtheeldestsurvivingson.
Althoughnoattendancerecordsfortheperiodsurvive,mostbiographersagreethatShakespearemayhavebeeneducatedattheKing'
sNewSchoolinStratford,afreeschoolcharteredin1553,aboutaquarterofamilefromhishome.GrammarschoolsvariedinqualityduringtheElizabethanera,butthecurriculumwasdictatedbylawthroughoutEngland,andtheschoolwouldhaveprovidedanintensiveeducationinLatingrammarandtheclassics.
JohnShakespeare'
shouse,believedtobeShakespeare'
sbirthplace,inStratford-upon-Avon.
Attheageof18,Shakespearemarriedthe26-year-oldAnneHathaway.TheconsistorycourtoftheDioceseofWorcesterissuedamarriagelicenceon27November1582.TwoofHathaway'
sneighbourspostedbondsthenextdayassuretythattherewerenoimpedimentstothemarriage.Thecouplemayhavearrangedtheceremonyinsomehaste,sincetheWorcesterchancellorallowedthemarriagebannstobereadonceinsteadoftheusualthreetimes.Anne'
spregnancycouldhavebeenthereasonforthis.Sixmonthsafterthemarriage,shegavebirthtoadaughter,Susanna,whowasbaptisedon26May1583.Twins,sonHamnetanddaughterJudith,followedalmosttwoyearslaterandwerebaptisedon2February1585.Hamnetdiedofunknowncausesattheageof11andwasburiedon11August1596.
Afterthebirthofthetwins,therearefewhistoricaltracesofShakespeareuntilheismentionedaspartoftheLondontheatrescenein1592.Becauseofthisgap,scholarsrefertotheyearsbetween1585and1592asShakespeare'
s"
lostyears"
.Biographersattemptingtoaccountforthisperiodhavereportedmanyapocryphalstories.NicholasRowe,Shakespeare’sfirstbiographer,recountedaStratfordlegendthatShakespearefledthetownforLondontoescapeprosecutionfordeerpoaching.Anothereighteenth-centurystoryhasShakespearestartinghistheatricalcareermindingthehorsesoftheatrepatronsinLondon.JohnAubreyreportedthatShakespearehadbeenacountryschoolmaster.Sometwentieth-centuryscholarshavesuggestedthatShakespearemayhavebeenemployedasaschoolmasterbyAlexanderHoghtonofLancashire,aCatholiclandownerwhonamedacertain"
WilliamShakeshafte"
inhiswill.NoevidencesubstantiatessuchstoriesotherthanhearsaycollectedafterhisdeathandthenameShakeshaftewascommonintheLancashirearea.
Londonandtheatricalcareer
ItisnotknownexactlywhenShakespearebeganwriting,butcontemporaryallusionsandrecordsofperformancesshowthatseveralofhisplayswereontheLondonstageby1592.HewaswellenoughknowninLondonbythentobeattackedinprintbytheplaywrightRobertGreene:
...thereisanupstartCrow,beautifiedwithourfeathers,thatwithhisTiger'
sheartwrappedinaPlayer'
shide,supposesheisaswellabletobombastoutablankverseasthebestofyou:
andbeinganabsoluteJohannesfactotum,isinhisownconceittheonlyShake-sceneinacountry.
Scholarsdifferontheexactmeaningofthesewords,butmostagreethatGreeneisaccusingShakespeareofreachingabovehisrankintryingtomatchuniversity-educatedwriters,suchasChristopherMarlowe,ThomasNasheandGreenehimself.Theitalicisedphraseparodyingtheline"
Oh,tiger'
sheartwrappedinawoman'
shide"
fromShakespeare’sHenryVI,part3,alongwiththepun"
Shake-scene"
identifiesShakespeareasGreene’starget.
Greene’sattackisthefirstrecordedmentionofShakespeare’scareerinthetheatre.Biographerssuggestthathiscareermayhavebegunanytimefromthemid-1580stojustbeforeGreene’sremarks.From1594,Shakespeare'
splayswereperformedonlybytheLordChamberlain'
sMen,acompanyownedbyagroupofplayers,includingShakespeare,thatsoonbecametheleadingplayingcompanyinLondon.AfterthedeathofQueenElizabethin1603,thecompanywasawardedaroyalpatentbythenewking,JamesI,andchangeditsnametotheKing'
sMen.
In1599,apartnershipofcompanymembersbuilttheirowntheatreonthesouthbankoftheThames,whichtheycalledtheGlobe.In1608,thepartnershipalsotookovertheBlackfriarsindoortheatre.RecordsofShakespeare'
spropertypurchasesandinvestmentsindicatethatthecompanymadehimawealthyman.In1597,heboughtthesecond-largesthouseinStratford,NewPlace,andin1605,heinvestedinashareoftheparishtithesinStratford.
SomeofShakespeare'
splayswerepublishedinquartoeditionsfrom1594.By1598,hisnamehadbecomeasellingpointandbegantoappearonthetitlepages.Shakespearecontinuedtoactinhisownandotherplaysafterhissuccessasaplaywright.The1616editionofBenJonson'
sWorksnamesh
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