环境管理膜技术和环境保护中的水处理英文翻译Word文档格式.docx
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环境管理膜技术和环境保护中的水处理英文翻译Word文档格式.docx
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watertreatment;
environmentprotection
CLCnumber:
TQ028.8Documentcode:
A
1Introduction
Waterisamainresourceforourhumanbeing,buttheproblemofwaterismoreseriousthanbefore.
Chinaisadevelopingcountrywhileitseconomygoesforwardrapidly.However,alongwiththedevelopmentofeconomy,theeco-environmentalproblemisbecomingworseandworse,suchasshortageofresources,ecologicaldamage,environmentalpollutionandetc.alltheseareboundtohavefatalimpactsontheimprovementofourlivingstandardandonthesubstantialdevelopmentofeconomy.NowthecentralgovernmentisfocusingonthedevelopmentoverthewesternpartofChina,inwhichtheeconomicdevelopmentandtheenvironmentalprotectionbearkeyimportance.
Membraneseparationtechnologyisanadvancedtechnologythathasbeendevelopingveryquicklyduringthepastseveraldecades.In1952,ReidintroducedtheideatodesalinatetheseawaterwithROforthefirsttime.In1960,LoebandSourirajinproducedthefirstROmembranewiththepotentialpracticalapplication,whichwasasymbolofthebirthofmembranescienceandtechnology.Chinahasa40–yearhistoryofresearchanddevelopmentofmembrane.Inthisperiod,RO,NF,UF,MF,electricdialysis,pervaporationmembrane,liquidmembrane,membranereactorweredeveloped,andhavebeenputintoapplicationinthefieldsofenergy,electronics,petroleum,petrochemical,pharmacy,heavyindustry,lightindustry,foodandbreweryindustry,people’sdailylifeandtheenvironmentalprotection.Especiallyinthewatertreatment,theapplicationofmembranetechnologyturnswiderandwider,andplaysanincreasinglyimportantrole.
2ThestateofwaterresourceandwaterpollutioninChina
Inrangeofenvironmentalproblems,waterproblemisextremelysevere.Thereareonethirdofpeopleontheearthfacingwithhowtosolvetheshortageofwaterandhowtotreatthewastewater.Thisnumberwillbedoubledinthenext30years.Itisforecastbysomeexpertsthatwater,ratherthanoil,isgoingtobethemaincauseofconflictsregionallyevenglobally.
Thereare660citiesinChina.Amongthem,morethan360areshortofwaterand110areinurgentsituation.Furthermore,40citiesareinthelistofthecitiesthatareextremelyshortofwater.Itisestimatedthatthewatershortagewillbe40billiontonsannually,andthatChinawilllack60billiontonswaterin2030.Duetothewatershortage,theproductoutputdecreasesby240billionRMByuanannually.
ThewaterqualityinChinawasdeterioratedoverthepastfewyears.Thepollutedriverlengthincreasedeveryyear.Accordingtothestatisticaldatain1999,46.5%ofriverswerepollutedin100000kmmonitoredrivers,butthewastewatertreatedratiowasonly23%.[1]
Waterpollutionhasbecometheobstacleofeconomicdevelopmentandsocialprogress.InSanxiareservoirofYangziRiver,thereare21countiesdischargingwastesintoYangziRiver.Theheightofthefloatabovewaterreaches2~4m,sometimes6.5m.IthasdirectlyaffectedtheworkofGeZhouBawaterpowerstation.ItcausesfrequentbreakdownofErjiangpowerstation.Theworstcasehappenedwasthatonceatimethefloatcausedseverepowerplantsbreakdownwithanelectricitylossof14000kW,equaltothecapacityofasmallpowerstation.
Waterpollutionnotonlybecomesanimpedimentoftheeconomicdevelopment,butalsoendangerstheexistenceofthepeople.ThewaterqualityinYangtengLakedropstograde3fromgrade2,whichcausesthewaterundrinkable.
3Stateofmembraneindustry
Chinahasalotofresearchunitsandresearchersonmembrane.Theresearchonelectricdialysisandionexchangemembranebeganin1958[2].ROmembranebeganin1965andUFmembranein1970s.TheearliestpreparedUFmembrane,celluloseacetateUFmembrane,wasusedinelectriccoatsystemin1980s,afterpolysulfonehollowfiberUFmembranewasmanufactured.TheresearchesandthedevelopmentalsowentaheadrapidlyonNFmembrane,gasmembrane,inorganicmembrane,pervaporationmembraneandliquidmembrane.
AlthoughthemembraneindustryofChinaisnotbig,itgrowsupveryquickly.Accordingtothestatisticaldatain1997,therewere13bigcompaniesofmembranewiththeoutputover$1.2millioninChina(Tab.1).Theoutputofsolomembranewas$45million,withinwhichtheimportedvaluewas$27million.Theindustrialoutputrelevanttomembranewasestimated$0.17billionanditwillbe$0.3billionthisyear.Theimportedmembraneisabout70%salesinChina.Theoutputoflocallymanufacturedmembraneincreasedby30%annually.
In1997,theglobaloutputvalueofmembraneanditsrelevantequipmentwasabout$10billion.Itisestimatedthattheoutputvaluewillbeincreasedto$14billionin2000.TheoutputofmembraneindustryofUSAwas$1.1billionin1997andwillreach$1.6billionin2001withtheannualgrowthrateof8.0%.In1997,thesalesofmembraneproductsforwatertreatmentwas$0.97billioninEurope.Itisreckonedtobe$1.65billionin2004withtheannualgrowthrateof7.9%.Accordingtothesegrowthrates,ChinawillcatchupwithUSAandEuropeinthecomingyearsasshowninFig.1.
Tab.1Chinesemembranecompanieswiththeoutputofover$1.2million
No
Companies
Products
1
8271
RO
2
NationalEngineeringResearchCenterofMembraneTechnology,DalianChina
Gasmembrane
3
MotianCompanyofMembraneTechnologyandEngineering,TianjinInstituteofTextileScienceandTechnology
RO,UF,MF
4
BeijingShunyiWaterTreatmentEquipmentFactory
ED
5
ShandongZhaoyuanMotianGroupCo.,Ltd.
UF
6
EighthResearchInstituteofNuclearIndustry,Shanghai
MF
7
TheDevelopmentCenterofWaterTreatmentTechnology,SOAHangzhou
RO,UF,MF,ED
8
HuzhouOumeiWaterTreatmentEquipmentCo.,Ltd
UF,ED
9
ShenzhenXinyeCompany
10
QingjiangChemicalFactory
11
BeijingGreenSourceCompany
Engineering
12
ChinaNationalBlueStarChemicalCleaningCompany
13
ShanghaiJimeiFilterCompany
Fig.1TheoutputincreasesofmembraneproductsinUSA,EuropeandChina
TherearetensofresearchinstitutesinChina,ofwhichmorethan20areonUFandMFmembrane.Meanwhile,therearetworesearchbasesonmembrane.Oneistheaqueousmembraneresearchinstitute—TheDevelopmentCenterofWaterTreatmentTechnology,SOAHangzhouChina,andtheotheristhegasmembraneresearchbase—NationalEngineeringResearchCenterofMembraneTechnology,Dalian,China.
4Applicationofmembraneinwatertreatment
Theapplicationofmembraneinwatertreatmentdependsonitseffectivenessofseparationandcostofprocess.Asanadvancedseparationtechnology,itisendowedwithmanyadvantages:
highselectivity,applicabilityunderambienttemperaturewithoutphasechange,lowcostofenergy,highlevelofautomation,lowpollutionandetc.
4.1Desalinationofseawaterandblackwater
ROisthemosteconomicalwayforthedesalinationofseawaterandblackwater.Theenergyconsumptionislessthan5kW·
h/tforseawateror0.5~3kW·
h/tforblackwater.ThebiggestplantofROforseawaterdesalinationcanproducewater2.1×
105m3/d,forblackwateris1.3×
105m3/d.ItseemsthatROisthebestmethodtosolvetheproblemofdrinkingwaterandindustrialwaterinthedraughtareas.ItcanbeverifiedbythefactthatmostofthelargestdesalinationplantsarelocatedinMiddleEastasshownintab.2[3]
.
4.2Purificationofdrinkingwater
Membraneisthebesttoolforthepurificationofdrinkingwaterbecauseitcanremovethesuspendedsubstance,bacteria,toxicmetalliccomponentsandorganiccomponentstoimprovethewaterquality.90%ofthecitywaterisproductivewater,only9%suppliedwateristhedomesticwaterandonly1%isdrinkingwater.Tosupplywaterseparatelyfortheresidentzonesisaneffectivewaytoimprovethequalityofdrinkingwater.Supplyingwaterseparatelyistotreatthe1%suppliedwaterwithmembraneforspecialpurpose.SeparatesupplysystemhasbeenbuiltinsomeresidentzonesofBeijingandShenyang,whichmainlyuseROmembrane.
Tab.2Thelargestfivedesalinationplantsintheworld
Country
Productioncapacity(m3/d)
Unitnumber
Workyear
Membranecompany
SaudiArabia
128000
15
1998
TOYOBO
90909
1999
DUPONT
56800
1989
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