英语政治演讲中的人际功能分析523Word下载.docx
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英语政治演讲中的人际功能分析523Word下载.docx
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2.1AnOverviewofInterpersonalFunction
Functionallinguiststakethemainresponsibilitytodefinetheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage.Fromtheirviewpoints,interpersonalfunctionreferstopeopleuselanguagetointeractwithotherpeopletoestablishandmaintainsocialandpersonalrelations,toinfluencetheirattitudesandbehaviors,toshowpersonalopersonalonthingsintheworld.Interpersonalfunctionoflanguagecanalsobetermedasinterpersonalmeaning.However,asLiZhanzi(2002)proposed,interpersonalfunctionisnotmerelyconfinedtotheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.Itactuallyhasbeenstudiedforalongtimefromdifferentperspectivesbyvariouslinguists.
Asearlyas1929,Bakhtin(1984)pointedoutthatmeaningneitherliesinthewordorthesoulofthespeakernorthelistener,buttheeffectofinteractionbetweenspeakerandlistenerproducedviathematerialofaparticularsoundcomplex.Thosewordshaverealizedthelanguagefunctionofbothconveyingmeaningandinteracting.Itshowstheelementarycognitionoftheinterpersonalfunction.
Discourseanalyststakemuchinterestininterpersonalfunctionandstudyitfromaquitespecialperspective.Theyregardthediscourseasdynamicratherthanstaticandtakeaccountofallfactorsthatmayinfluencetheorganizationofthediscourse.Theytakenoticeofnotonlythepurposesandfunctionsofthediscoursesbutalsohowthediscoursesareprocessed.Theprocessincludesboththewaythereceivertakesinthepotentialmeaningoftheproducerandthewaytheproducerorganizesthemessageinconsiderationofthereceiveroncertainoccasion.Discourseanalystsputemphasisonthisprocessanddiscussit.Brown&
Yule(1983,p.24)claimsitis'
;
anapproachthattakestheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguageasitsprimaryareaofinvestigationandconsequentlyseekstodescribealinguisticform,notasastaticobject,butasadynamicmeansofexpressingintendedmeaning"
.Discourseanalystsputemphasisonthesocialandpsychologicalaspectsofthecompositionofadiscourse,butithasthevitaldeficiencyofneglectingthegrammaticaldemonstrationwhichmayresultintheoversubjectivejudgmentofthereceiver.
Pragmaticlinguistspaygreatattentiononthesocialstatus,ageandsexofthespeakerandthehearerinthecontextofsituation.Pragmaticsisevenregardedasthedisciplinestudyinglinguisticinteractionbetween'
I'
and'
you'
"
(Wierzbicka,1999,p.5).Brown&
Levinson(1978)putforwardthepolitenessprinciple,whichisinherentlyinterpersonal-oriented.Accordingtothistheory,peoplearetryingtosaveeachother'
sfacewhentheyareengagedinspeechacts,whichis"
somethingthatisemotionallyinvested,andthatcanbelost,maintainedorenhanced,andmustbeconstantlyattendedtoininteraction"
(Brown&
Levinson,1978,p.66).Thoughpragmaticlinguists'
viewpointoninterpersonalfunctioncanenlightentheanalysisontextuallevel,ithasthedeficiencyofneglectinggrammaticalstructure,either.
Besideswhathasbeendiscussedabove,therearestillsomeothervoicesmakingresearchesontheinterpersonalfunctionoflanguage.However.theirdeficiencyiscommon,thatisneglectingthegrammaticalstructuresofthetextandlackingastandardtoscalethedifferentdegreesofinterpersonalfunctionondifferentoccasions.Nevertheless.theSystemic-FunctionalGrammarisabletosolvetheproblembyconnectingthegrammaticalstructurestothemeaningorfunctionoflanguage,andit.willbemainlyemployedinthepresentstudy.Meanwhile,somemeritsofthementionedstudyoninterpersonalfunctioncanalsobeincorporated.Thefollowingsectionwillreviewsomeotherinfluentialmodelsofinterpersonalfunctionfromthefunctionalgrammarperspectiveintoparticulars.
2.2InfluentialModelsofInterpersonalFunction
Thispartwillpresentfourinfluentialmodalsofinterpersonalfunctionstudiedbyfunctionallinguists.
2.2.1Halliday'
sModelofInterpersonalFunction
AccordingtoHalliday'
sconceptualframeworkofSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,languageisviewedasasemioticsystem.Thissystemissustainedbyanetworkofinterrelatedandmufii-layeredsystemsofoptionsinmeaning.Inthissense,textisasemanticentity,whichisafunctionalconfigurationofchoiceofmeaning.Thusadiscoursegrammarindeedshouldbefunctionalandsemanticinitsorientation,withthegrammaticalstructuresexplainedastherealizationofsemanticpatterns.InSystemic-FunctionalGrammar,functionequalsmeaning(Halliday,2000).
Hallidayputsforwardthreemetafunctionsoflanguageincludingtheideationalmetafunction,theinterpersonalmetafunction,andthetextualmetafunctionbyobservingchildren'
sacquisitionoflanguage.Hepointsoutthethreemetafunctionsareatthesamelevelandofthesameimportance.Halliday(1994)interpretsthethreemetafunctionsasfollowed:
ideationalmetafunctionmeansusinglanguagetodescribeourexperienceoftheworld;
theinterpersonalmetafunctionenablespeopletointeractwithotherpeople;
andthetextualmetafunctionreferstouselanguagetoorganizeourmessages.
Indailylife,peoplecommunicatewitheachotherbyusinglanguagetotalkabouttheworldaroundthem,alongwithwhichtheyareinteractingwitheachother,andthusestablishandmaintaincertainsocialrelationshipsbetweenthem.Peopledescribetheworldintheirowneyesandinaverypersonalwaywhichcannotbetheahundredpercentreflectionoftherealworld.Thusthespeaker'
sviewpointsonthingsinevitablymakesubjectiveattitudesandjudgmentsbuttheyaretryingtoinfluence.
andchangeothersviewpointsaboutcertainthings.Suchistheinterpersonalfunction.Therefore,interpersonalfunctionrepresentsthespeaker'
smeaningpotentialasanintruder,carryingaheavysemanticload.Itencompassesthedynamicsoftherelationshipbetweenthespeakerandthehearer,andtheuseoflanguagetoexpressone'
sattitudeandtoinfluencetheattitudesorbehaviorofthehearer(Halliday,1985).
AccordingtoHalliday,theclauseisorganizedasaninteractiveeventinvolvingspeakerorwriter,andaudience.Halliday(1985)proposesthattheinterpersonalfunctioncarriesaheavysemanticloadandhefocusesonmoodandmodalityasthemainlexico-grammaticalsystemstorealizetheinterpersonalfunction.Hementionstheexistenceofothermeansofinterpersonalfunction,namely,inthepersonsystem,intheattitudinaltypeofepithet,intheconnotativemeaningsoflexicalitems,inprosodicfeaturessuchasswearingwordsandvoicequality(Halliday,1994,p.191).Hallidaydoesrealizetheotherresourcesoftheinterpersonalfunction,buthedoesnotmentiontheminadetailedway.ThemodelofHalliday'
sinterpersonalfunctionshowsthatmoodandmodalityareinaparallelposition,buttheevaluationsystemismentionedonlymarginallyasrealizedbycommentadjuncts.ThefollowingfigureisthesummaryofHalliday'
smodelofinterpersonalfunction.
Modalization
Figure2.1Halliday'
sModelofInterpersonalSystem
ThoughHallidaypaysgreatattentiononmeaning,hedoesnotneglecttheformoflanguage.A1lthreefunctionsarelocatedbothatthelevelofsemanticsandgrammar.Heproposesthatthesethreekindsoffunctionscanberealizedbylinguisticunitsofallkinds:
word,wordgroup,prepositionalphrase,clause,clausecomplexandtext,whicharerelatedbothbeforethecontextualvariablesandafterlexico-grammar(Halliday,2003,p.110).Thelexico-granunaticalresourcestorealizeinterpersonalfunctionarethoseofmoodandmodality,intensificationandotherevaluationdevicesrealizedprosodicallythroughoutthetext.Besidesthesethreemainfactors,Hallidayalsomentionedthatinterpersonalfunctioncanalsoberealizedbythepersonsystem,theattitudinaltypeofepithet,theconnotativemeaningsoflexicalitemsfunctioninginthegroupandinprosodicfeaturessuchasswear-wordsandvoicequality(Halliday,2000,p.191).ThisthesismainlyadoptsHalliday'
smodelofinterpersonal'
functiononIexico-grammaticallevelinSystemic-FunctionalGrammarastheframeworkfromperspectivesofmoodandmodalitysystemstoanalyzetherealizationofinterpersonalfunctionintheEnglishPoliticalSpeeches.
2.2.2Thompson'
AsoneofHalliday'
ssupporters,ThompsonalsodidresearchontheinterpersonalfunctionandfurtheredHalliday'
sstudyandmadesomeachievements.Sincemoodconcernsthesocialrolethespeakerhastakenandassignsrolestoreaderandwriter,whilemodalitywhichinvolvesthewriter'
sownjudgmentsandattitudesanditsrelationwiththeinterpersonalelementsee
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