公共英语考试四级模拟试题1.docx
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公共英语考试四级模拟试题1.docx
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公共英语考试四级模拟试题1
2020年公共英语考试四级模拟试题
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PassageOne
Sustainabledevelopmentisappliedtojustabouteverythingfromenergytocleanwaterandeconomicgrowth,andasaresultithasbecomedifficulttoquestioneitherthebasicassumptionsbehinditorthewaytheconceptisputtouse.Thisisespeciallytrueinagriculture,wheresustainabledevelopmentisoftentakenasthesolemeasureofprogresswithoutaproperappreciationofhistoricalandculturalperspectives.
Tostartwith,itisimportanttorememberthatthenatureofagriculturehaschangedmarkedlythroughouthistory,andwillcontinuetodoso.medievalagricultureinnorthernEuropefed,clothedandshelteredapredominantlyruralsocietywithamuchlowerpopulationdensitythanitistoday.Ithadminimaleffectonbiodiversity,andanypollutionitcausedwastypicallylocalized.Intermsofenergyuseandthenutrientscapturedintheproductitwasrelativelyinefficient.
Contrastthiswithfarmingsincethestartoftheindustrialrevolution.Competitionfromoverseasledfarmerstospecializeandincreaseyields.Throughoutthisperiodfoodbecamecheaper,safeandmorereliable.However,thesechangeshavealsoledtohabitat(栖息地)lossandtodiminishingbiodiversity.
What’smore,demandforanimalproductsindevelopingcountriesisgrowingsofastthatmeetingitwillrequireanextra300milliontonsofgrainayearby2050.yetthegrowthofcitiesandindustryisreducingtheamountofwateravailableforagricultureinmanyregions.
Allthismeansthatagricultureinthe21stcenturywillhavetobeverydifferentfromhowitwasinthe20th.thiswillrequireradicalthinking.Forexample,weneedtomoveawayfromtheideathattraditionalpracticesareinevitablymoresustainablethannewones.Wealsoneedtoabandonthenotionthatagriculturecanbe“zeroimpact”.Thekeywillbetoabandontherathersimpleandstaticmeasuresofsustainability,whichcentreontheneedtomaintainproductionwithoutincreasingdamage.
Insteadweneedamoredynamicinterpretation,onethatlooksattheprosandcons(正反两方面)ofallthevariouswaylandisused.Therearemanydifferentwaystomeasureagriculturalperformancebesidesfoodyield:
energyuse,environmentalcosts,waterpurity,carbonfootprintandbiodiversity.Itisclear,forexample,thatthecarbonoftransportingtomatoesfromSpaintotheUKislessthanthatofproducingthemintheUKwithadditionalheatingandlighting.Butwedonotknowwhetherlowercarbonfootprintswillalwaysbebetterforbiodiversity.
Whatiscrucialisrecognizingthatsustainableagricultureisnotjustaboutsustainablefoodproduction.
1.Howdopeopleoftenmeasureprogressinagriculture?
A)ByitsproductivityC)Byitsimpactontheenvironment
B)ByitssustainabilityD)Byitscontributiontoeconomicgrowth
2.Specialisationandtheefforttoincreaseyieldshaveresultedin________.
A)LocalisedpollutionC)competitionfromoverseas
B)theshrinkingoffarmlandD)thedecreaseofbiodiversity
3.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftraditionalfarmingpractices?
A)TheyhaveremainedthesameoverthecenturiesB)Theyhavenotkeptpacewithpopulationgrowth
C)TheyarenotnecessarilysustainableD)Theyareenvironmentallyfriendly
4.Whatwillagriculturebelikeinthe21stcentury
A)ItwillgothroughradicalchangesB)Itwillsupplymoreanimalproducts
C)ItwillabandontraditionalfarmingpracticesD)Itwillcausezerodamagetotheenvironment
5Whatistheauthor’spurposeinwritingthispassage?
A)Toremindpeopleoftheneedofsustainabledevelopment
B)Tosuggestwaysofensuringsustainablefoodproduction
C)Toadvancenewcriteriaformeasuringfarmingprogress
D)Tourgepeopletorethinkwhatsustainableagricultureis
PassageTwo
Hawaii'snativeminorityisdemandingagreaterdegreeofsovereigntyoveritsownaffairs.Butmuchofthearchipelago'spoliticalestablishment,whichincludestheWhiteAmericanswhodominateduntilthesecondworldwarandpeopleofJapanese,ChineseandFilipinoorigins,isopposedtotheidea.
TheislandswereannexedbytheUSin1898andsincethenHawaii'snativepeopleshavefaredworsethananyofitsotherethnicgroups.Theymakeupover60percentofthestate'shomeless,sufferhigherlevelsofunemploymentandtheirlifespanisfiveyearslessthantheaverageHawaiians.TheyaretheonlymajorUSnativegroupwithoutsomedegreeofautonomy.
ButasovereigntyadvisorycommitteesetupbyHawaii'sfirstnativegovernor,JoahnWaihee,hasgiventhenatives'causeamajorboostbyrecommendingthattheHawaiiannativesdecidebythemselveswhethertoreestablishasovereignHawaiiannation.
However,theHawaiiannativesarenotunitedintheirdemands.Somejustwantgreaterautonomywithinthestate--asenjoyedbymanyAmer
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