韩国改变军事战略Word文档格式.docx
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韩国改变军事战略Word文档格式.docx
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ThegovernmentalsoannouncedplanstoincreasethenumberoftroopsandheavyweaponsonYeonpyeongIsland,wheretwomarinesandtwociviliansdiedTuesdayinanartilleryfusilladefromtheNorth.OnFriday,PresidentLeeappointedasecurityadviser,LeeHee-won,asthenewdefenseminister.
ButMr.Lee,whocametoofficetwoyearsagovowingtogettoughwiththeNorth,haslittlemaneuveringroominformulatingaresponse.Whiletheattackappearstohavepushedanti-NorthKoreansentimentheretoitshighestlevelinyears,thereislittlepublicsupportfortakingmilitaryactionagainsttheNorththatmightleadtoanescalationofhostilities.
“NorthKoreahasnothingtolose,whilewehaveeverythingtolose,”saidKangWon-taek,aprofessorofpoliticsatSeoulNationalUniversity.“LeeMyung-bakhasnochoicebuttosoftenhistonetokeepthiscountrypeaceful.Itisnotanappealingchoice,butitistheonlyrealisticchoice.”
TheSouth’spowerfulneighborisalsocounselingrestraint.TheChineseprimeminister,WenJiabao,saidThursdaythatBeijingopposedanyprovocativemilitarybehaviorbyeithersideontheKoreanPeninsula,Xinhua,thestatenewsagency,reported.
OnThursday,whileNorthKoreawarnedthroughitsofficialnewsagencyoffurthermilitaryretaliationifprovokedbySouthKorea,Mr.Leesaidonly,“WeshouldnotdropourguardinpreparationforthepossibilityofanotherprovocationbyNorthKorea,”accordingtohischiefspokesman,HongSang-pyo.“Aprovocationlikethiscanrecuranytime.”
Thechangesintherulesofengagementweresimilarlyrestrained.SouthKoreandefensesonfivecoastalislandsintheYellowSeahadbeensetupprimarilytoguardagainstpossibleamphibiouslandingsbyNorthKoreantroops.CriticssaidThursdaythatthemilitaryhadnotanticipatedthepossibilityofanattackbyNorthKoreanartillerybatteries,whicharereportedlyincavesalongtheNorth’scoastline.
“Now,anartillerybattlehasbecomethenewthreat,sowe’rereassessingtheneedtostrengthendefenses,”Mr.Leetoldlawmakers.Thenewmeasuresheoutlinedincludeddoublingthenumberofhowitzersandupgradingotherweaponry.
Thenewrulesofengagementwillbebasedonwhethermilitaryorciviliansitesarethetargets,saidMr.Hong,thepresidentialspokesman,addingthatthemovewasmadeto“changetheparadigmofrespondingtoNorthKorea’sprovocations.”
Previously,SouthKoreanforceswereallowedtorespondonlyinkind—iftheNorthfiredartillery,theSouthcouldansweronlywithartillery—tocontainanydispute.Now,officialssaid,themilitarywouldbeallowedtousegreaterforce.
Mr.Lee’sresponsetothisweek’sartilleryattackisnotthefirsttimehehasbeencriticizedforsittingonhishandsinthefaceofadeadlyprovocationbytheNorth.Twoyearsago,whenaSouthKoreantouristwasshotbyasentryataNorthKoreanmountainresort,hisgovernment’sresponseamountedtoaslaponthewrist:
suspendingtourstotheresortandbanningSouthKoreancivicgroupsfromvisitingtheNorth.
ButtheclearestcasewasMr.Lee’sresponseinMarchtothesinkingofaSouthKoreanwarship,theCheonan.
Mr.Leeatfirstseemedtostallbywaitingfortheresultsofaninternationalinvestigation,whichtooktwomonthstoconcludethattheshiphadbeensunkbyaNorthKoreantorpedo.Whenheresponded,itwaswithrelativelymildmeasureslikereducingtheSouth’salreadyminusculetradewiththeNorth,resumingtheSouth’scold-war-erapropagandaspeakersalongthedemilitarizedzoneanddemandinganapology.ButthespeakershaveyettobeturnedonafterNorthKoreathreatenedtoshootatthem,andMr.Leedroppedtheapologydemandasaconditionfortalks.
Mr.LeewaswidelyblamedinSouthKoreaforhavingprovokedtheCheonanepisodebyendingunconditionalaidtotheNorthatthestartofhispresidency.
“Before,thepublicsawhimastoohard,andnowtheyseehimastoosoft,”saidYooHo-yeol,aprofessorofNorthKoreanstudiesatKoreaUniversityinSeoul.
Despitepublicpressuretodomore,Mr.LeedoesnothavemanyoptionsforlesslethalformsofpressureontheNorth,diplomaticoreconomic.NorthKoreahasweatheredyearsofeconomicsanctionsanddiplomaticisolation.Infact,thetougheconomicconditionsappearonlytogivetheNorthmotivationtocontinueitsbrinkmanship,toextractaidasitfacesawinteroffoodandfuelshortages.
SomeanalystssaytheNorthisalsousingtheprovocationstoburnishthemilitarycredentialsofKimJong-un,theyoungestsonoftheNorth’sleader,KimJong-il,andhisheirapparent.
AnalystssaymakingsanctionseffectivewouldrequiregreatersupportfromChina,NorthKorea’straditionalprotector,whichhassofarbeenreluctanttotightenthescrewsontheNorth.Inrecentdays,Mr.LeeandPresidentObamahaveagreedtomakenewappealstoChineseleaderstoputmorepressureontheNorth,butanalystssaytheyarenotoptimisticthattheChinesewillcomply.
Still,SouthKoreanofficialssaidtheywouldurgeChinatoactmoreresponsiblybypressingtheNorthtorefrainfromfurtherattacks.TheyalsosaidtheywouldaskBeijingtomorecloselymonitortradewithNorthKoreabyChinesemerchants,whichtheysaidhasbeenawayfortheNorthtobypassinternationaleconomicsanctions.
Mr.LeeandhisadvisersappeartohaveconcludedthatalessconfrontationalstanceistheonlywaytopersuadeNorthKoreatoenditsprovocations.AfewanalystsspeculatedthatMr.LeemighteventuallyendupnotfarfromhisliberalpredecessorslikeformerPresidentRohMoo-hyun,whousedeconomicaidtoappeasetheNorthandreducetensionsonthepeninsula.
“Anyonewouldconcludethatthepeacefulapproachisbesttoreversethesituation,”saidMoonJung-in,aformeradviserintheRohadministration.“Ahard-lineapproachisnotarealoption.”
Su-HyunLeecontributedreporting.
InaLandoftheAging,ChildrenCounterAlzheimer’s
ByPAMBELLUCK
SEONGNAM,SouthKorea—Theywerestooped,hobbled,disoriented,fumblingaroundthehouse.Theygotconfusedinthebathtubandstruggledupstairsthatseemedtoswimbeforethem.
“Oh,ithurts,”saidNohHyun-ho,sinkingtotheground.
“IthoughtIwasgoingtodie,”saidYookSeo-hyun.
Therewassurprisinglylittlegiggling,consideringthatHyun-ho,Seo-hyunandtheotherswereactuallyperfectlyhealthy11-to13-year-oldchildren.Buttheyhadstrappedonsplints,weightedharnessesandfogged-upglasses,andweregiventaskslike“DoorknobExperience”and“BathroomExperience,”alltohelpthemfeelwhatitwasliketobeold,frailordemented.
“Eventhoughtheyaresmilingforus,everyday,24hours,isdifficultforthem,”JeongJae-hee,12,saidshelearned.“Theylosetheirmemoryandgobacktochildhood.”
ItispartofaremarkableSouthKoreancampaigntocopewithanexplodingproblem:
Alzheimer’sdiseaseandotherdementias.Asoneoftheworld’sfastest-agingcountries,withnearly9percentofitspopulationover65alreadyafflicted,SouthKoreahasopeneda“WaronDementia,”spendingmoneyandshiningfloodlightsonadiseasethatis,hereasinmanyplaces,riddledwithshameandfear.
SouthKoreaistrainingthousandsofpeople,includingchildren,as“dementiasupporters,”torecognizesymptomsandcareforpatients.The11-to13-year-olds,forinstance,wereinthegovernment’s“Aging-FriendlyComprehensiveExperienceHall”outsideSeoul.Besidestheagingsimulationexercise,theyviewedaPowerPointpresentationdefiningdementiaandweretrained,inthehall’sDementiaExperienceCenter,toperformhandmassageinnursinghomes.
“‘WhatdidIdowithmyphone?
It’sintherefrigerator,’”saidoneinstructor,explainingmemoryloss.“Haveyouseensomeonelikethat?
Theymaygomissinganddieonthestreet.”
Inanotherstrikingmove,SouthKoreaisalsopushingtomakediagnosesearly,despitetherebeingscanttreatment.
“Thisusedtobehidden”and“thereisstillstigmaandbias,”saidKimHye-jin,directorofseniorpolicyfortheHealthandWelfareMinistry.But“wewanttogetthemoutoftheirshells,outoftheirhomesanddiagnosed”tohelpfamiliesadjustandgivepatients“ahigherchanceofbeingtakencareofathome.”
Hundredsofneighborhooddementiadiagnosticcentershavebeencreated.Nursinghomeshavenearlytripledsince2008.Otherdementiaprograms,providingdaycareandhomecare,haveincreasedfivefoldsince2008,tonearly20,000.Careisheavilysubsidized.
Andagovernmentdementiadatabaseallowsfamiliestoregisterrelativesandreceiveiron-onidentificationnumbers.Citizensencounteringwandererswithdementiareporttheirnumberstoofficials,whocontactfamilies.
Tofinancethis,SouthKoreacreatedalong-term-careinsurancesystem,paidforwithpercentincreasesinpeople’snationalhealthinsurancepremiums.In2009,about$1billionofgovernmentandpublicinsurancemoneywasspentondementiapatients.Still,withtheover-65populationjumpingfrom7percentin2000to14percentin2018to20percentin2026,dementiaisstrainingthecountry,sociallyandeconomically.
“Atleastonefamilymemberhastogiveupwork”toprovidecaregiving,saidKwakYoung-soon,socialwelfaredirectorforMapoDistrict,oneofSeoul’s25geographicdistricts.BecauseSouthKoreaen
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