份大学英语六级考试答案与解析Word文档格式.docx
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份大学英语六级考试答案与解析Word文档格式.docx
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Amongallthefactorsofsuccess,wellpreparationofknowledge,thebasicrequisitionofsuccess,shouldbeplacedonthefirstone.Withoutextensiveandintensiveknowledge,evenifthereareexterioropportunitiestosuccess,suchastheparents’assistanceorfriends’recommendation,youwillstillneversucceed,becauseyoucannotqualifythejobyouhavealreadyhad.Themorepreparationyoudoinadvance,themorelikelyyouwillgetsuccess.AsLincolnhassaid,ifIhadsixhourstochopdownatree,Iwouldspendthefirstfourhourssharpeningtheaxe.
Besidesthewellpreparationofknowledge,thepreparationofconfidenceandinterpersonalskillsisalsoindispensableonthewaytosuccess.
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Google'
splanforworld'
sbiggestonlinelibrary:
philanthropyoractofpiracy?
[1]
Googlehasalreadyscanned10millionbooksinitsbidtodigitisethecontentsoftheworld'
smajorlibraries,butacopyrightbattlenowthreatenstheproject,withAmazonandMicrosoftjoiningauthorsandpublishersopposedtothescheme.
[2]
Inrecentyearstheworld'
smostvenerablelibrarieshaveplayedhosttosomeincongruousvisitors.Industynooksandfar-flungstacks,teamsofworkersdispatchedbyGooglehavebeenbeaveringawaytomakedigitalcopiesofbooks.Sofar,Googlehasscannedmorethan10milliontitlesfromlibrariesinAmericaandEurope–includinghalfamillionvolumesheldbytheBodleianinOxford.Theexactmethoditusesisunclear;
thecompanydoesnotallowoutsiderstoobservetheprocess.
[3]
WhyisGoogleundertakingsuchaventure,soseeminglyout-of-kilterwithitssnazzy,hi-techimage?
Whyisiteveninterestedinallthoseout-of-printlibrarybooks,mostofwhichhavebeengatheringdustonforgottenshelvesfordecades?
1.Thecompanyclaimsitsmotivesareessentiallypublic-spirited.Itsoverallmission,afterall,isto"
organisetheworld'
sinformation"
,soitwouldbeoddifthatinformationdidnotincludebooks.LiketheAncientEgyptianswhoattemptedtobuildalibraryatAlexandriacontainingalltheknownworld'
sscrolls,Googleexecutivestalkofconstructingauniversalonlinearchive,atreasuretroveofknowledgethatwillbefreelyavailable–oratleastfreelysearchable–forall.
[4]
Thecompanylikestopresentitselfashavinglofty,utopianaspirations."
Thisreallyisn'
taboutmakingmoney"
isamantra."
Wearedoingthisforthegoodofsociety."
AsSantiagodelaMora,headofGoogleBooksforEurope,putsit:
"
2.Bymakingitpossibletosearchthemillionsofbooksthatexisttoday,wehopetoexpandthefrontiersofhumanknowledge."
[5]
DanClancy,thechiefarchitectofGoogleBooks,offersananalogywiththeinventionoftheGutenbergpress–Google'
sbookproject,hesays,willhaveasimilardemocratisingeffect.Hetalksofpeopleinfar-flungpartsbeingabletoaccessknowledgeasneverbefore,ofsearchqueriesleadingthemtotheone,longout-of-printbooktheyneed.
[6]
Andhedoesseemgenuineinhisconvictionthatthisisprimarilyaphilanthropicexercise."
Google'
scorebusinessissearchandfind,soobviouslywhathelpsimproveGoogle'
ssearchengineisgoodforGoogle,"
hesays."
Butwehaveneverbuiltaspreadsheetoutliningthefinancialbenefitsofthis,andIhaveneverhadtojustifytheamountIamspendingtothecompany'
sfounders."
[7]
Itiseasy,talkingtoClancyandhiscolleagues,tobesweptalongbytheirmissionaryzeal.ButGoogle'
sbook-scanningprojectisprovingcontroversial.Severalopponentshaverecentlyemerged,rangingfromrivaltechgiantssuchasMicrosoftandAmazontosmallbodiesrepresentingauthorsandpublishersacrosstheworld.Inbroadterms,theseopponentshavelevelledtwosetsofcriticismsatGoogle.
[8]
First,theyhavequestionedwhethertheprimaryresponsibilityfordigitallyarchivingtheworld'
sbooksshouldbeallowedtofalltoacommercialcompany.3.InarecentessayintheNewYorkReviewofBooks,RobertDarnton,theheadofHarvardUniversity'
slibrary,arguedthatbecausesuchbooksareacommonresource–thepossessionofusall–onlypublic,not-for-profitbodiesshouldbegiventhepowertocontrolthem.
[9]
Thesecond,relatedcriticismisthatGoogle'
sscanningofbooksisactuallyillegal.ThisallegationhasledtoGooglebecomingmiredinalegalbattlewhosescopeandcomplexitymakestheJarndyceandJarndycecaseinBleakHouselookstraightforward.
[10]
4.Atitscentre,however,isonesimpleissue:
thatofcopyright.Theinconvenientfactaboutmostbooks,towhichGooglehasarguablypaidinsufficientattention,isthattheyareprotectedbycopyright.Copyrightlawsdifferfromcountrytocountry,butingeneralprotectionextendsforthedurationofanauthor'
slifeandforasubstantialperiodafterwards,thusallowingtheauthor'
sheirstobenefit.(InBritainandAmerica,thispost-deathperiodis70years.)Thismeans,ofcourse,thatalmostallofthebookspublishedinthe20thcenturyarestillundercopyright–andlastcenturysawmorebookspublishedthaninallpreviouscenturiescombined.Oftheroughly40millionbooksinUSlibraries,forexample,anestimated32millionareincopyright.Ofthese,some27millionareoutofprint.
[11]
OutsidetheUS,Googlehasmadesureonlytoscanbooksthatareoutofcopyrightandthusinthe"
publicdomain"
(workssuchastheBodleian'
sfirsteditionofMiddlemarch,whichanyonecanreadforfreeonGoogleBooksSearch).
[12]
But,withintheUS,thecompanyhasscannedbothin-copyrightandout-of-copyrightworks.5.Initsdefence,Googlepointsoutthatitdisplaysonlysnippetsofbooksthatareincopyright–arguingthatsuchdisplaysare"
fairuse"
.Butcriticsallegethatbymakingelectroniccopiesofthesebookswithoutfirstseekingthepermissionofcopyrightholders,Googlehascommittedpiracy.
[13]
"
Thekeyprincipleofcopyrightlawhasalwaysbeenthatworkscanbecopiedonlyonceauthorshaveexpresslygiventheirpermission,"
saysPiersBlofeld,oftheSheilLandliteraryagencyinLondon."
Googlehasreversedthis–ithassimplycopiedalltheseworkswithoutbotheringtoask."
[14]
6.In,theAuthorsGuildofAmerica,togetherwithagroupofUSpublishersandpublishers,launchedaclassactionsuitagainstGooglethat,aftermorethantwoyearsofwrangling,endedwithanannouncementlastOctoberthatGoogleandtheclaimantshadreachedanout-of-courtsettlement.Thefulldetailsarestaggeringlycomplicated–thetextalonerunsto385pages–andtryingtosummariseitisnoeasytask."
Partoftheproblemisthatitisbasicallyincomprehensible,"
saysBlofeld,oneofthesettlement'
smostvocalBritishcritics.
[15]
Broadly,thedealprovidesamechanismforGoogletoreimburseauthorsandpublisherswhoserightsithasbreached(includinggivingthemashareofanyfuturerevenueitgeneratesfromtheirworks).Inexchangeforthis,therightsholdersagreenottosueGoogleinfuture.
[16]
ThesettlementstipulatesthatabodyknownastheBooksRightsRegistrywillrepresenttheinterestsofUScopyrightholders.AuthorsandpublisherswithacopyrightinterestinabookscannedbyGooglewhomakethemselvesknowntotheregistrywillbeentitledtoreceiveapayment–intheregionof$60perbook–ascompensation.
[17]
Additionally,thesettlementhandsGooglethepower–butonlywiththeagreementofindividualrightsholders–toexploititsdatabaseofout-of-printbooks.Itcanincludetheminsubscriptiondealssoldtolibrariesorsellthemindividuallyunderaconsumerlicence.7.Itisthesecommercialprovisionsthatareprovingthesettlement'
smostcontroversialaspect.
[18]
Criticspointoutthat,bygivingGoogletherighttocommerciallyexploititsdatabase,thesettlementpavesthewayforasubtleshiftinthecompany'
srolefromproviderofinformationtoseller."
8.Google'
sbusinessmodelhasalwaysbeentoprovideinformationforfree,andselladvertisingonthebasisofthetrafficthisgenerates,"
pointsoutJamesGrimmelmann,associateprofessoratNewYorkLawSchool.Now,hesays,becauseofthesettlement'
sprovisions,Googlecouldbecome
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