1英美文学选读重点笔记Word文档格式.docx
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1英美文学选读重点笔记Word文档格式.docx
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HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.ItsprangfromtheendeavortorestoreamedievalreverencefortheancientauthorsandisfrequentlytakenasthebeginningoftheRenaissanceonitsconscious,intellectualside,fortheGreekandRomancivilizationwasbasedonsuchaconceptionthatmanisthemeasureofallthings.Throughthenewlearning,humanistsnotonlysawtheartsofsplendorandenlightenment,butthehumanvaluesrepresentedintheworks.Renaissancehumanistsfoundintheclassicsajustificationtoexalthumannatureandcametoseethathumanbeingsweregloriouscreaturescapableofindividualdevelopmentinthedirectionofperfections,andthattheworldtheyinhabitedwastheirsnottodespisebuttoquestion,explore,andenjoy.Thus,byemphasizingthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife,theyvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthislife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.ThomasMore,ChristopherMarloweandWilliamShakespearearethebestrepresentativesoftheEnglishhumanists.
I.EdmundSpenser
1)MainqualitiesofSpenser'
spoetry①aperfectmelody②araresenseofbeauty③asplendidimagination④aloftymoralpurity&
seriousness⑤adedicatedidealism
2)语言特点Inhiswriting,Spenserdrewontheconventions&
thoughtofClassical,medieval,&
Renaissanceliterature.However,headdedtohisfusionofthesediverseelementsmuchthatwasoriginal,&
hisworksinspiredmanylaterEnglishpoets.Hecreatedanewstanza,calledtheSpenserianstanza,whichiswellsuitedtonarrativeverse.HisskillsinwritingmelodiousEnglishverse&
hiscombinationofemotion,erudition,&
spiritualvisionhavewonhimtheadmirationofgenerationsofEnglishpoets.Itishisidealism,hisloveofbeauty,&
hisexquisitemelodythatmakehimknownas"
thepoets'
poet."
3)代表作TheFaerieQueene:
1)Itisalong,allegoricalpoem.Inthepoem,Spenserdramatizedpolitical,religious,&
moralthemesbypersonifyingthem,ormakingthemcharacters.2)Plot:
Thestory,whichissetagainstabackgroundofArthur&
medievallegend,dealswiththeadventuresofsixknightsofthecourtofthefairyqueennamedGloriana,whorepresentsQueenElizabethⅠofEnglish.ThefaerieQueenwasleftunfinishedatSpenser'
sdeath.Itwasoriginallyplannedasa12-bookpoem.Butonly6bookswerecompleted.Thepoemisparticularlyadmiredforthemelodicbeautyofitslanguage&
foritsrichcontentofphilosophical&
mythologicalmaterialpresentedintheformofvividnarratives.
II.ChristopherMarlowe
1)HisAchievements&
InfluenceAchievements:
Marlowe'
sgreatestachievementliesinthatheperfectedtheblankverse&
madeittheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.HissecondachievementishiscreationoftheRenaissanceheroforEnglishdrama.ThethemeofhisworksisthepraiseoftheRenaissancespirit.Hisinfluence:
Amanofwidelearning,Marlowewasoneoftheextraordinarypoets&
playwrightsofhistime."
Marlowe'
smightyline,"
asBenJonsoncalledhisblankverse,wasoneofthemostimportantcontributionstotheartofEnglishliterature.
2)代表作Dr.FaustusTheselectionofActⅠfromDr.FaustusismainlyaboutFaustusisshowinghisgreatambition,thatis,ifhehadmanysouls,hewouldgivethemalltotheDevilsothathecouldcontroltheworld.InportrayingFaustus,amoreintrospective&
philosophicalfigurethanTamburlaine,MarlowepraiseshissoaringaspirationforknowledgewhilewarningagainstthesinofpridesinceFaustus'
sdownfallwascausedbyhisdespairinGod&
trustinDevil.
Ⅲ.WilliamShakespeare
HisInfluence1)ContributionstolanguageManywordsandcommonlyusedphraseshavebeenaddedtoeverydayEnglishvocabularythroughtheirappearanceinShakespeare'
sworks.2)EffectsonliteratureShakespeare'
splays&
poetryhavehadapervasiveinfluenceonworldliterature.Mostofthegreatliteraryfiguresoftheworldhavebeeninspired&
stimulatedbyhisachievement.Onthewhole,however,Shakespeare'
scontributionhasbeentothelanguage&
spiritoflaterwritingratherthantoitsform.References&
parallelstoShakespeare'
sphraseologyhaveoccurredinliteraturesincethe16thcentury.PerhapsthegreatestinspirationtosubsequentauthorshasbeenShakespeare'
scapacitytodepictlifeinallitscomplexity&
toilluminateman'
scharacter&
destiny.
HisMajorWorks
1)DramaA.TheMerchantofVeniceTheme:
topraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonio&
Bassanio,toidealizePortiaasaheroineofgreatbeauty,wit&
loyalty,&
toexposetheinsatiablegreed&
brutalityoftheJew.Plot:
Theplayhasadoubleplot(P39)
B.HamletHamletisgenerallyregardedasShakespeare'
smostpopularplayonthestage,forithasthequalitiesofa"
blood-and-thunder"
thriller&
aphilosophicalexplorationoflife&
death.Andthetimelessappealofthismightydramaliesinitscombinationofintrigue,emotionalconflict&
searchingphilosophicmelancholy.TheplayopenswithHamlet,PrinceofDenmark,appearinginamoodofworld-wearinessoccasionedbyhisfather'
srecentdeath&
byhismother'
shastyremarriagewithClaudius,hisfather'
sbrother.Whileencounteringhisfather'
sghost,HamletisinformedthatClaudiushasmurderedhisfather&
thentakenoverbothhisfather'
sthrone&
widow.This,Hamlet,isurgedbytheghosttoseekrevengeforhisfather'
s"
foul&
mostunnaturalmurder."
Trappedinanightmareworldofspying,testing&
plotting,&
apparentlybearingtheintolerableburdenofthedutytorevengehisfather'
sdeath,Hamletisobligedtoinhabitashadowworld,tolivesuspendedbetweenfact&
fiction,language&
action.Hislifeisoneofconstantrole-playing,examiningthenatureofactiononlytodenyitspossibility,forheistoosophisticatedtodegradehisnaturetotheconventionalroleofastagerevenger.BycharacterizingHamlet,Shakespearesuccessfullymakesaphilosophicalexplorationoflife&
death.
HisMajorTheme1)Shakespeareisagainstreligiouspersecution&
racialdiscrimination,againstsocialinequality&
thecorruptinginfluenceofgold&
money.
2)Hewasahumanistofthetime&
acceptedtheRenaissanceviewsonliterature.
HisLiteraryAchievements
1)CharacterizationHismajorcharactersareneithermerelyindividualonesnortypeones;
theyareindividualsrepresentingcertaintypes.Eachcharacterhashisorherownpersonalities;
meanwhile,theymaysharefeatureswithothers.Thesoliloquiesinhisplaysfullyrevealtheinnerconflictofhischaracters.Shakespearealsoportrayshischaractersinpairs.Contrastsarefrequentlyusedtobringvividnesstohischaracters.Thewomenintheplaysarevividcreations,eachdifferingfromtheothers.Shakespearewasfondofportraying"
mockingwenches,"
suchasKateoftheTamingoftheShrew,RosalineofLove'
sLabor'
sLost,&
BeatriceofMuchAdoAboutNothing,buthewasequallyadeptatcreatinggentle&
innocentwomen,suchasOpheliainHamlet,DesdemonainOthello,&
CordeliainKingLear.HisfemalecharactersalsoincludethetreacherousGoneril&
Regan,theiron-willedLadyMacbeth,thewitty&
resourcefulPortia,thetender&
loyalJuliet,&
thealluringCleopatra.
2)PlotConstructionShakespeare'
splaysarewellknownfortheiradroitplotconstruction.Heseldominventshisownplots;
instead,heborrowsthemfromsomeoldplaysorstorybooks,orfromancientGreek&
Romansources.Thereareusuallyseveralthreadsrunningthroughtheplay,thusprovidingthestorywithsuspense&
apprehension.
3)LanguageInShakespeare'
stime,Englishgrammar&
spellingwerenotyetformalized,soShakespearecouldfreelyinterchargethevariouspartsofspeech,usingnounsasadjectivesorverbs,adjectivesasadverbs,&
pronounsasnouns.Suchfreedomgavehislanguageanextraordinaryflexibility,whichenabledhimtoexpresshisthoughtsaseasilyinpoetryasinprose.MostofShakespeare'
sdramaticpoetryisinblankverse,orunrhymediambicpentameter.Hisblandverseisespeciallybeautiful&
mighty.Hehasanamazingwealthofvocabulary&
idiom.Hiscoinageofnewwords&
distortionofthemeaningoftheoldonesalsocreatestrikingeffectsonthereader.
SelectedReadings
1)Sonnet18Theme:
aprofoundmeditationonthedestructivepoweroftime&
theeternalbeautybroughtforthbypoetrytotheoneheloves.Imagery:
asummer'
sday-youththeeyeofheaven-thesun
2)TheMerchantofVeniceTheme:
TopraisethefriendshipbetweenAntonio&
toexposetheinsatiablegreedandbrutalityoftheJew.
3)HamletThisisonepartofHamlet'
smostfamousmonologue.Hamlet,facingthedilemmaofaction&
mind,ishesitatingwhetherheshouldrevengeforhisfather,whichmaybringhimdeath,orheshouldsuffer&
hide
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