英美文学考试教学内容.docx
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英美文学考试教学内容.docx
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英美文学考试教学内容
英美文学考试
Epic:
Alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.Manyepicsweredrawnfromanoraltraditionandweretransmittedbysongandrecitationbeforetheywerewrittendown.
Romance:
Anyimaginaryliteraturethatdescribedtheidealismworldandthatdealswithheroicandadventuresorbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvillainsormonsters.IngeneralitwasamedievaltalewhichinvolvewithloversandadventuresofKings,Queens,Knights,andLadies,andincludingsomeunlikelyorsupernaturalismhappenings.
Verse:
Formofwriting,arrangedinlines,eachcontainingapatternofaccentedandunaccentedsyllables,allgroupsoflinesformingaunitofrhymescheme.
JohnDryden:
Englishpoetryanddramatists,alsoconsideredthefatherofEnglishliteraturecriticism,hebecamethePoetLaureatein1668.
BlackVerse:
Blankverseisaversethatiswritteninunrhymediambicpentameter,usedinShakespeare'sdramasandMilton'sParadiseLost,isoneofthemostcommonmetricalpatternsinEnglishpoetry.
Gothicnovels—Andfromthemiddleparttotheendofthecenturytherewasalsoanapparentshiftofinterestfromtheclassicliterarytraditiontooriginalityandimagination,fromsocietytoindividual,andfromthedidactictotheconfessional(忏悔的),inspirationalandprophetic.Gothicnovels—mostlystoriesofmysteryandhorrorwhichtakeplaceinsomehauntedordilapidated(荒废的,破旧的)andMiddleAgecastles—wereturnedoutprofusely(丰富的)bybothmaleandfemalewriters;workssuchasTheCastleofOtranto(1765)byHoraceWalpole,ThemysteriesofUdolpho(1794)andTheItalian(1797)byMrs.AnnRadcliffe,TheChampionofVirtue,aGothicStory(1777)byClaraReeve,andTheMonk(1796)byM.G.Lewisbecameverypopular.Eulogizing(颂扬,称赞)orlamenting(挽歌,哀掉)lyricsbynaturepoetslikeJamesThomson,WilliamCollins,andWilliamCowper,andbysuchsentimentalists(多愁善感的人)asthe"GraveyardSchool"werewidelyread.TheromanticpoemsoftheScottishpeasantpoet,RobertBurnsandWilliamBlakealsojoinedin,pavingthewayfortheflourishofRomanticismearlythenextcentury.
Modernismroseoutofskepticism(怀疑主义)anddisillusion(使醒悟)ofcapitalism(资本主义).Theappalling(可怕的)shockoftheFirstWorldWarseverelydestroyedpeople'sfaithintheVictorianvalues;andtheriseoftheirrational(荒谬的)philosophyandnewsciencegreatlyincited(煽动,激励)writerstomakenewexplorationsonhumannaturesandhumanrelationships.
TheFrenchsymbolism(象征主义),appearinginthelate19thcentury,heralded(预示着,先驱)modernism.AftertheFirstWorldWar,allkindsofliteraturetrendsofmodernismappeared:
expressionism,surrealism,futurism,Dadaism(达达主义崇尚虚无的艺术派别),imagismandstreamofconsciousness.Towardsthe1920s,thesetrendsconverged(聚合)intoamightytorrentofmodernistmovement,whichsweptacrossthewholeEuropeandAmerica.ThemajorfiguresthatwereassociatedwiththismovementwereKafka,Picasso,Pound,Webern,Eliot,JoyceandVirginiawoolf.Modernismwassomewhatcurbed(抑制)inthe1930s.ButaftertheSecondWorldWar,avarietyofmodernism,orpost-modernism,likeexistentialistliterature,theateroftheabsurd,newnovelsandblackhumor,rosewiththespuroftheexistentialistideathat"theworldwasabsurd,andthehumanlifewasanagony(苦恼)."
Modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalbase.Themajorthemesofthemodernistliteraturearethedistorted(扭曲的),alienated(疏远的)andillrelationshipsbetweenmanandnature,manandsociety,manandman,andmanandhimself.Themodernistwritersconcentratemoreontheprivatethanonthepublic,moreonthesubjectivethanontheobjective.Theyaremainlyconcernedwiththeinnerbeingofanindividual.Therefore,theypaymoreattentiontothepsychic(精神的,灵魂的)timethanthechronological(按时间顺序的)one.Intheirwritings,thepast,thepresentandthefuturearemingled(混合)togetherandexistatthesametimeintheconsciousnessofanindividual.
Modernismis,inmanyaspects,areactionagainstrealism.Itrejectsrationalism,whichisthetheoreticalbaseofrealism;itexcludesfromitsmajorconcerntheexternal,objective,materialworld,whichistheonlycreativesourceofrealism;byadvocatingafreeexperimentation(实验)onnewformsandnewtechniquesinliterarycreation,itcastsawayalmostallthetraditionalelementsinliteraturesuchasstory,plot,character,chronologicalnarration,etc.,whichareessentialtorealism.Asaresult,theworkscreatedbythemodernistwritersareoftenlabeledasanti-novel,anti-poetryandanti-drama.
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TheperiodofOldEnglishliteratureextendsfromabout450to1066,theyearoftheNormanconquestofEngland.TheGermanictribesfromtheNorthernEuropebroughtwiththemnotonlytheAnglo-Saxonlang
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