Pronunciation+GuideWord格式文档下载.docx
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Pronunciation+GuideWord格式文档下载.docx
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thingofthehistoryoftheEnglish-speakingpeoplesand
theirlanguage.Spellingoftenindicateswhetheraword
comesdownfromthenativeAnglo-Saxonwordstockor
wasadoptedinsuccessiveagesfromthespeechofamis-
sionarymonkchantingLatin,aseafaringVikingdickering
inOldNorse,aNormannoblemangivingordersin
French,orayoungimmigranttoturn-of-the-century
America.Forexample,thesoundshisspelledasshin
nativeEnglishshore,aschintheFrenchloanchampagne,
asskinonepronunciationoftheNorwegianloanski,assi
intheRenaissanceLatinloanemulsion,andasschinthe
recentYiddishloanschlep.Englishvowelspresentdiffer-
entcomplexitiesofsoundandspelling,dueinlargepartto
thefactthatWilliamCaxtonintroducedprintingtoEn-
glandinA.D.1476,manydecadesbeforethesoundchange
knownastheGreatVowelShifthadrunitscourse.With
theriseofprintingcameanincreasinglyfixedsetofspell-
ingconventions,buttheconventionalizedspellingssoon
losttheirconnectiontopronunciationasthevowelshift
continued.Thestressedvowelsofsaneandsanityare
thereforeidenticalinspellingthoughnowquitedifferent
inquality.ForthetrainedobserverthevagariesofEnglish
orthographycontainawealthoflinguistichistoryfor
mostothers,however,thisdisparitybetweensoundand
spellingisjustacontinualnuisanceatschoolorwork.
Readersoftenturntothedictionarywantingtolearn
theexactpronunciationofaword,onlytodiscoverthat
thewordmayhaveseveralpronunciations,asisthecase
fordeity,economic,envelope,andgreasy,amongmanyoth-
ers.Theinclusionofvariantpronunciationsdisappoints
thosewhowanttheirdictionarytolistonecorrectpro-
nunciation.Intruth,though,therecanbenoobjective
standardforcorrectpronunciationotherthantheusageof
thoughtfuland,inparticular,educatedspeakersofEn-
glish.Amongsuchspeakersonehearsmuchvariationin
pronunciation.
DictionariesofEnglishbeforethemodernerausually
ignoredpronunciationvariants,insteadindicatingasingle
pronunciationbymarkingtheentrywordwithdiacritics
toindicatestressandlettervalues.Thesesystemswere
cumbersome,however,andreflectedthedialectalbiases
oftheeditorsmorethanthefactsabouthowawordwas
actuallyspoken.Lexicographerscameeventuallytorecog-
nizetheneedforseparaterespellingswhichcouldrecord
theentirerangeofacceptedvariantsalongwithappropri-
atenotesaboutdialectaldistributionorusage.
Thisdictionaryrecordsmanytypesofvariationinpro-
nunciation.DistinctionsbetweenBritishandAmerican
speecharefrequentlynoted,asaredifferencesamongthe
threemajordialectareasoftheU.S.Northern,South-
ern,andMidland.Wordsthathavedistinctivepronuncia-
tionsinCanada,suchasdecalandkhaki,havethosepro-
nunciationsdulynoted.Pronunciationspeculiartocertain
spheresofactivityarealsorepresented,asforexamplethe
variantsofathwartandtackleheardinnauticaluse.Final-
ly,awiderangeofunpredictablevariationsareincluded,
suchasthepronunicationofeconomicwitheithereor
.Unpredictablevariationsfrequentlycutacrossthe
boundariesofgeographicaldialects,sometimesrunning
alongthelinesofsocialclass,ethnicity,orgenderinstead.
Infine,thisdictionaryattemptstoincludeeitherexplic-
itlyorbyimplicationallpronunciationvariantsofa
wordthatareusedbyeducatedspeakersoftheEnglish
language.
Thepronunciationsinthisdictionaryareinformed
chieflybytheMerriam-Websterpronunciationfile.This
filecontainscitationsthataretranscriptionsofwordsused
bynativespeakersofEnglishinthecourseofutterances
heardinspeeches,interviews,andconversations.Inthis
extensivecollectionof35slipsofpaper,onefindsthe
pronunciationsofahostofpeople:
politicians,professors,
curators,artists,musicians,doctors,engineers,preachers,
activists,journalists,andmanyothers.TheMerriam
Websterpronunciationeditorshavebeencollectingthese
citationsfromlivespeechandfromradio,television,and
shortwavebroadcastssincethe1930s.Itisprimarilyonthe
basisofthislargeandgrowingfilethatquestionsofusage
andacceptabilityinpronunciationareanswered.Allof
thepronunciationsrecordedinthisbookcanbedocu-
mentedasfallingwithintherangeofgenerallyacceptable
variation,unlesstheyareaccompaniedbyarestrictingus-
agenoteorsymboloraregionallabel.
Nosystemofindicatingpronunciationisself
explanatory.Thefollowingdiscussionsetsoutthesignifi-
cationanduseofthepronunciationsymbolsinthisbook,
withspecialattentiontothoseareaswhereexperiencehas
shownthatdictionaryusersmayhavequestions.Morede-
tailedinformationcanbefoundintheGuidetoPronunci-
ationinWebstersThirdNewInternationalDictionary.
Theorderofsymbolsdiscussedbelowisthesameasthe
orderonthepageofPronunciationSymbols,withtheex-
ceptionthatthesymbolswhicharenotlettercharacters
areherelistedfirst.Thosecharacterswhichhavecorre-
spondingsymbolsintheInternationalPhoneticAlphabet
IPAareshownwiththeirIPAequivalents.
Allpronunciationinformationisprintedbetween
reversedvirgules.Pronunciationsymbolsare
printedinromantypeandallotherinformation,suchas
labelsandnotes,isprintedinitalics.
Ahigh-setstressmarkprecedesasyllablewith
primarystrongeststressalow-setmarkpre-
cedesasyllablewithsecondarymediumstressathird
levelofweakstressrequiresnomarkatall:
pen-mn-
ship.
SincethenineteenthcenturytheInternationalPhonet-
icsAssociationhasrecommendedthatstressmarkspre-
cedethestressedsyllable,andlinguistsworldwidehave
adoptedthispracticeonthebasicprinciplethatbeforea
syllablecanbeutteredthespeakermustknowwhatde-
greeofstresstogiveit.
course,thereisnopausebetweenthesyllablesofaword.
Theplacementofhyphensisbasedonphoneticprinciples,
suchasvowellength,nasalization,variationduetothepo-
instressedsyllablesasinhumdrum,abut.
IPA$.
sitionofaconsonantinasyllable,andothernuancesof
thespokenword.Thesyllablebreaksshowninthisbook
reflectthecarefulpronunciationofasinglewordoutof
context.Syllabicationtendstochangeinrapidorrunning
speech:
aconsonantattheendofasyllablemayshiftinto
afollowingsyllable,andunstressedvowelsmaybeelided.
Thenumerousvariationsinpronunciationthataword
mayhaveinrunningspeechareofinteresttophoneticians
butarewelloutsidethescopeofadictionaryofgeneral
English.
Thecentereddotsinboldfaceentrywordsindicatepo-
tentialend-of-linedivisionpointsandnotsyllabication.
Thesedivisionpointsaredeterminedbyconsiderationsof
bothmorphologyandpronunciation,amongothers.Fur-
therdiscussionofend-of-linedivisioniscontainedinthe
sectionofthatnamewithintheExplanatoryNotes.Inthis
bookaconsistentapproachhasbeenpursued,bothto-
wardworddivisionbasedontraditionalformulasandto-
wardsyllabicationbasedonphoneticprinciples.Asare-
sult,thehyphensindicatingsyllablebreaksandthe
centereddotsindicatingend-of-linedivisionoftendonot
fallinthesameplaces.
Parenthesesareusedinpronunciationstoindi-
catethatwhateverissymbolizedbetweenthem
ispresentinsomeutterancesbutnotinothersthusfacto-
ryfak-t-rispronouncedbothfak-t-randfak-
tr,industryin-ds-trispronouncedbothin-ds-
trandin-ds-tr.Insomephoneticenvironments,as
infencefentsandboilbi-l,itmaybedifficultto
determinewhetherthesoundshowninparenthesesisoris
notpresentinagivenutteranceeventheusageofasingle
speakermayvaryconsiderably.
colons.Theorderofvariantsdoesnotmeanthatthefirst
isinanywaypreferabletoormoreacceptablethanthe
others.Allofthevariantsinthisbook,exceptthosere-
strictedbyaregionalorusagelabel,arewidelyusedinac-
ceptableeducatedspeech.Ifevidencerevealsthatapartic-
ularvariantisusedmorefrequentlythananother,the
formerwillbegivenfirst.Thisshouldnot,however,preju-
diceanyoneagainstthesecondorsubsequentvariants.In
manycasesthenumericaldistributionofvariantsisequal,
butoneofthem,ofcourse,mustbeprintedfirst.
Theobelus,ordivisionsign,isplacedbeforea
pronunciationvariantthatoccursineducated
speechbutthatisconsideredbysometobequestionable
orunacceptable.Thissymbolisusedsparinglyandprima-
rilyforvariantsthathavebeenobjectedtooveraperiod
oftimeinprintbycommentatorsonusage,inschoolsby
teachers,orincorrespondencethathascometothe
Me
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- Pronunciation Guide