高二化学复习下册High school chemistry review 2.docx
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高二化学复习下册High school chemistry review 2.docx
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高二化学复习下册Highschoolchemistryreview2
高二化学复习下册(Highschoolchemistryreview2)
Fourthchapterhydrocarbon
AlkanehydrocarbonsCnH2n+2
OlefinhydrocarbonCnH2n(n=2)C=C
AlkyneCnH2n-2(n=2)C=C
Aromatichydrocarbons:
benzenehomologueCnH2n-6(n=6)
(1)thereasonsforawidevarietyoforganiccompounds:
1.carbonatomscombine4covalentbondswithotheratoms;between2.carbonandcarbonatomsformavarietyofchainandringorganiccompounds;3.isomerism
(2)organicmatter:
mostcarboncontainingcompounds
(3)hydrocarbons:
compoundscontainingonlyCandHelements
Section1methane
1.Thespatialstructureofmethane:
tetrahedronstructure
2,nature:
Physicalproperties:
colorless,tasteless,insolubleinwater,isthemaincomponentofnaturalgas,methane(pitgas)andpetroleumgas
Chemicalproperties:
methaneisstableinnatureanddoesnotreactwithstrongacidandstrongalkali.Undercertainconditions,thefollowingreactionscanoccur:
(1)flammability
(2)substitutionreaction(3)hightemperaturedecomposition
CH3ClgasCH2Cl2liquidCHCl3(chloroform)CCl4
3,uses:
verygoodfuel;thepreparationofH2,carbonblack,chloroform,etc..
4,theexperimentwillbefullofCH4andCl2:
(volumeratio1:
4)tubeupsidedowninthewatertank,thestronglightafteraperiodoftime,willseethecolor_______tubegas,liquidlevelinthepipe_______,theinnerwallofthetesttubehas________;addingAgNO3solutiontoremovetube,tubesolution,see______generation(fillphenomenon)commonlyknownas.CCl4______,__densitythanwater
Secondparaffin
1alkane:
(1)structuralfeatures:
Thecarboninthehydrocarbonmoleculeislinkedbyasinglebondtoformachain,
Therestofthevalencebondwithallcarbonatomsofhydrogencombine,calledhydrocarbons,oralkane.
(2)thenomenclatureofalkanes:
Simplenomenclatureofalkanes:
thenumberofcarbonatomsbelowtenisexpressedbya,B,C,D,e,K,h,R,R,RandC.
Systematicnomenclature:
1)findthemainchain--thelongestcarbonchain;
2)number:
thenearestbranch
3)writethename----firstJane,thennumerous
CH(CH3)2CH(C2H5)C(CH3)3isthenameof______
Thenameof2,3,3three-methylethylbutaneiscorrect
(3)thenatureofalkanes:
Whenthemolecularweightincreases,theboilingpointrisesandthedensityincreases,andthestateisfromgastoliquid(4carbonatomsorlessisgaseous)
Meltingpointofisomer:
thehigherthehighertheboilingpoint
Second,whenthetemperatureisverystable,andgenerallydonotreactwithacids,alkalis,KMnO4solutionandsoon
Undercertainconditions,itcanreactwithhalogenandsoon.
2,homologuedefinition:
structuralsimilarity,inthemolecularcompositionofthedifferencebetweennCH2atomicmassofeachotherknownashomologues.
Methane,ethaneandpropanearehomologuesofalkanes.
R:
-CH3;alkylmethyl,ethyl-CH2CH3iscalled
3,isomer:
Definition:
aphenomenonhavingthesamemolecularformulabutwithdifferentstructuresiscalledisomerism.Anyofseveralcompoundshavingisomerismthatarecalledisomers.Forexample,n-butaneandisobutanearetwoisomericisomersofbutane,belongingtotwocompounds.
Thereare9kindsofisomers:
CH4,C2H6,C3H8;C4H10has2species;C5H12has3species;C6H14has5species;C7H16hastwo
Theconceptofhomologuesisomersallotropeisotope
Anobject,anorganicsubstance,anorganicsubstance,anatom
condition
ExamplesdifferinCH2,structure,structure,andnumberofneutrons
Ethaneandbutane,butaneandisobutane,O2andO3,11H,12H
Thirdsectionsofethyleneolefins
1.Ethylenestructurecharacteristics:
2Catomsand4hydrogenatomsareinthesameplane.
Abondinthedoublebondoftheethylenemoleculeisliabletobreak
2,nature:
Physicalproperties:
colorless,slightlyodorous,insolubleinwater.
Chemicalproperties:
(1)theadditionreactionofbrominecanfade
(2)oxidationreaction:
1)flammability:
theflameintheairisbrightandblacksmoke;2)canmaketheKMnO4(H+)solutionfade
(3)polymerization:
ethyleneadditiontopolyethylene
3,use:
preparationofalcohol,plastic,andfruitripening.
4.IndustrialLaw:
frompetroleumrefining
Laboratorymethod:
Rawmaterial:
alcohol,concentratedH2SO4(concentratedH2SO4,catalystanddehydratingagent)collection:
drainagegascollectionmethod.
Notice:
1.ethanolandconcentratedsulfuricacidaccordingtothevolumeratioof1:
3mixturecanimprovetheutilizationrateofethanol,weshouldpayattentiontowhenmixedsulfuricacidslowlyalongtheglassrodbyaddingethanolandstir.2.thermometertomeasurethetemperatureofthereactantsobeinsertedbelowtheliquidlevel.3.asantibumpingliquidshouldbeaddedintotheporcelainpieces4.topreventlowtemperaturetheoccurrenceofsideeffectssorapidlyheatingupto170DEGC5.flaskliquidcolorbecamedark,isduetosulfuricaciddehydration;6.isfirstremovedfromthewaterconduitandthendestroythealcohollamp.
5.Hydrocarbonscontainingcarbonandcarbondoublebondsinolefinmolecules
(1)thestructureandcharacteristicsoftheformula:
CnH2n(n=2)
(2):
Generalolefinflameisbrightalkane
Moleculescontainunsaturateddoublebonds,whicharepronetooxidation,additionandpolymerization.
Thefourthsectionacetyleneacetylene
1.Characteristicsofacetylenestructure:
2Catomsand2hydrogenatomsareinthesameline.
C=Cbondinthemoleculeoftwoisnotastablebond
2.Propertiesofacetylene:
(1)physicalproperty:
acetylene,alsoknownascalciumcarbidegas.Pureacetyleneiscolorless,odorlessgas,becauseofimpuritiessuchasPH3,H2Sandotherodor,slightlysolubleinwater,solubleinorganicsolvents.
(2)chemicalpropertiesandusesofacetylene:
Oxidationreaction:
1):
flammableair,brightflame,smoke;acetylenecombustioninO2,theflametemperatureisveryhigh(above3000degrees),whichcanbeusedforcuttingandweldingmetal.
2)canbeoxidizedbyKMnO4solution
Theadditionreactionofbrominetofade;
PolyvinylchlorideplasticscanbeobtainedfromacetyleneandHCl.
3.Acetyleneprocess:
laboratorymethod:
Medicine:
calciumcarbideandwater(usuallysaturatedwithsaltwater)
Principle:
CaC2+2H2O,C2H2=+Ca(OH)2
Device:
solid+liquidtogascollection:
drainagemethod
Note:
thereactionistoofast,souseaseparatefunneltocontroltherateofwater.Usingsaturatedsaltwaterinsteadofwatertoslowdownthereactionrate.Drainagemethod(cannotuseairexhaustingmethodbecauseitsdensityisclosetoair)
Fifthbenzenearomatics
Aromatichydrocarbon:
hydrocarboncontainingoneormorebenzeneringsinamolecule
1.Themolecularstructureofbenzene:
Molecularformula:
C6H6type:
______or______.
Structure:
thebenzenecanmakeKMnO4(H+)solutionfade,explainsthegeneralC=Cdoesnotexistinbenzene,benzenemoleculesbetween6Catomsbondexactlythesame,thisisakindofbetweenC-CandC=Cuniquekeys.
Inbenzenemolecules,6Cand6Hareinthesameplane,inorganicmatter,benzenewithbenzeneringbelongstoaromatichydrocarbon,simpleiscalledaromatichydrocarbon,andthesimplestaromatichydrocarbonisbenzene.
2.Physicalpropertiesofbenzene
Acolorless,speciallysmellingliquid,lighterthanwater,insolubleinwater
3.Thechemicalpropertiesofbenzene:
becausethecarbonandcarbonbondsinbenzenemoleculesarebetweenC-CandC=C,benzenecansubstitutereactionandreactadditionreactionundercertainconditions.
1)substitutionreaction:
(1)benzenewithbromineBr2reaction(reactionwithbromine)
(2)nitrationofbenzene:
2)additionreaction:
reactionofbenzenewithhydrogengas
3)flammability:
igniteabrightflame,alotofblacksmoke
Usage:
importantorganicchemicalrawmaterial,benzeneisoftenusedasorganicsolvent
4)-colorless,heavierthanwater.Theliquidintheflaskisbrownbecauseofbromine,andcanberemovedbyNaOH,separatedbyaseparatingfunnel.
Nitrobenzeneiscolorless,insolubleinwater,bitteralmondodor,poisonousoilyliquid,heavierthanwater.
Threenitrotoluene(TNT):
paleyellowneedleshapedcrystal,insolubleinwater,usuallystable,heatedandimpacted,itisnoteasytoexplode.Explosivewhensensitive,detonatingagent,highexplosive.
4.Homologuesofbenzene
1)benzenederivativeformula:
CnH2n-6(n=6)
2)becauseoftheinteractionofbenzeneringandsidechain,
Thehomologuesofbenzenearealsosomewhatdifferentfromthoseofbenzene.
Note:
benzenecanmakeKMnO4(H+)solutionfade,alsocannotmakebromineforreaction.
Benzenehomologues,KMnO4(H+)canmakethesolutionfade,butyoucannotmakewaterduetochemicalreaction.
Practice:
write1._________reactionoftoluenewithHNO3
2.isomersofC8H10:
_______________writing
Sixthsectionsofpetroleumcoal
Oilisthemainenergyintheworldtoday.Itiscalled"liquidgold"and"industrialblood"".
I.refiningofpetroleum
1,thecompositionofPetroleum
(1)byelement:
Petroleumcontainsthebasicelementsofcarbonandhydrogen
(2)accordingtothechemicalcomposition:
isamixtureofvariousalkanes,naphthenicandaromatichydrocarbons.Generaloildoesnotcontainolefins.Mostareliquidhydrocarbons,whicharedissolvedinliquidhydrocarbons,gaseoushydrocarbonsandsolidhydrocarbons.
2.Petroleumfractionation
(1)theexperimentaldeviceisdividedintothreeparts:
distillation,condensationandcollection.
(2):
mercurythermometerpositiontheballandthedistillationflaskbranchlevel.Brokentiles,antibumping(withethylene)
(3)thewaterinletisatthebottom,andthewateroutletisonthetop(whichisoppositetotheairflow,andthecoolingeffectisthebest)
(4)theprincipleoffractionation:
distillati
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