研究计划ResearchProposal模板.docx
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研究计划ResearchProposal模板.docx
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研究计划ResearchProposal模板
每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡,就是ResearchProposal的写作。
它大致对应中文里的“开题报告”、“选题报告”、“研究报告”,是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述;既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思路、廓清方向,也常常是写给相关他人的说明:
研究动机和意义何在?
可能有何成果?
为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准?
不知道是否可以说,好的proposal是研究成功的一半。
但实际而功利的说,如果你的proposal很烂,可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。
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Howtowritearesearchproposal?
能否写出漂亮的proposal,本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水准。
但形式也很重要。
英文的ResearchProposal自有一套“八股”。
程式化和结构化的好处就在于,可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上,而不是为形式分神。
对于非英语nativespeaker的我们,如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势,也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。
下面这篇流传甚广的ResearchProposal写作指南,言简意赅,颇具启发,对我自己的写作有所帮助,也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。
[点击这里,查看更多关于RESEARCHPROPOSAL以及GRANTPROPOSAL、PROJECTPROPOSAL写作的网上资源]?
文章作者PaulT.P.Wong,Ph.D.,C.Psych.(ResearchDirector,GraduatePrograminCounsellingPsychology.TrinityWesternUniversityLangley,BC,Canada).题为:
HowtoWriteaResearchProposal.全文转载如下:
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Moststudentsandbeginningresearchersdonotfullyunderstandwhataresearchproposalmeans,nordotheyunderstanditsimportance.Toputitbluntly,one’sresearchisonlyasagoodasone’sproposal.Anill-conceivedproposaldoomstheprojectevenifitsomehowgetsthroughtheThesisSupervisoryCommittee.Ahighqualityproposal,ontheotherhand,notonlypromisessuccessfortheproject,butalsoimpressesyourThesisCommitteeaboutyourpotentialasaresearcher.?
Aresearchproposalisintendedtoconvinceothersthatyouhaveaworthwhileresearchprojectandthatyouhavethecompetenceandthework-plantocompleteit.Generally,aresearchproposalshouldcontainallthekeyelementsinvolvedintheresearchprocessandincludesufficientinformationforthereaderstoevaluatetheproposedstudy.?
Regardlessofyourresearchareaandthemethodologyyouchoose,allresearchproposalsmustaddressthefollowingquestions:
Whatyouplantoaccomplish,whyyouwanttodoitandhowyouaregoingtodoit.?
Theproposalshouldhavesufficientinformationtoconvinceyourreadersthatyouhaveanimportantresearchidea,thatyouhaveagoodgraspoftherelevantliteratureandthemajorissues,andthatyourmethodologyissound.?
Thequalityofyourresearchproposaldependsnotonlyonthequalityofyourproposedproject,butalsoonthequalityofyourproposalwriting.Agoodresearchprojectmayruntheriskofrejectionsimplybecausetheproposalispoorlywritten.Therefore,itpaysifyourwritingiscoherent,clearandcompelling.?
Thispaperfocusesonproposalwritingratherthanonthedevelopmentofresearchideas.?
TITLE:
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Itshouldbeconciseanddescriptive.Forexample,thephrase,“Aninvestigationof...”couldbeomitted.Oftentitlesarestatedintermsofafunctionalrelationship,becausesuchtitlesclearlyindicatetheindependentanddependentvariables.However,ifpossible,thinkofaninformativebutcatchytitle.Aneffectivetitlenotonlypricksthereader’sinterest,butalsopredisposeshim/herfavourablytowardstheproposal.?
ABSTRACT:
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Itisabriefsummaryofapproximately300words.Itshouldincludetheresearchquestion,therationaleforthestudy,thehypothesis(ifany),themethodandthemainfindings.Descriptionsofthemethodmayincludethedesign,procedures,thesampleandanyinstrumentsthatwillbeused.?
INTRODUCTION:
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Themainpurposeoftheintroductionistoprovidethenecessarybackgroundorcontextforyourresearchproblem.Howtoframetheresearchproblemisperhapsthebiggestprobleminproposalwriting.?
Iftheresearchproblemisframedinthecontextofageneral,ramblingliteraturereview,thentheresearchquestionmayappeartrivialanduninteresting.However,ifthesamequestionisplacedinthecontextofaveryfocusedandcurrentresearcharea,itssignificancewillbecomeevident.?
Unfortunately,therearenohardandfastrulesonhowtoframeyourresearchquestionjustasthereisnoprescriptiononhowtowriteaninterestingandinformativeopeningparagraph.Alotdependsonyourcreativity,yourabilitytothinkclearlyandthedepthofyourunderstandingofproblemareas.?
However,trytoplaceyourresearchquestioninthecontextofeitheracurrent“hot”area,oranolderareathatremainsviable.Secondly,youneedtoprovideabriefbutappropriatehistoricalbackdrop.Thirdly,providethecontemporarycontextinwhichyourproposedresearchquestionoccupiesthecentralstage.Finally,identify“keyplayers”andrefertothemostrelevantandrepresentativepublications.Inshort,trytopaintyourresearchquestioninbroadbrushesandatthesametimebringoutitssignificance.?
Theintroductiontypicallybeginswithageneralstatementoftheproblemarea,withafocusonaspecificresearchproblem,tobefollowedbytherationalorjustificationfortheproposedstudy.Theintroductiongenerallycoversthefollowingelements:
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1.Statetheresearchproblem,whichisoftenreferredtoasthepurposeofthestudy.?
2.Providethecontextandsetthestageforyourresearchquestioninsuchawayastoshowitsnecessityandimportance.?
3.Presenttherationaleofyourproposedstudyandclearlyindicatewhyitisworthdoing.?
4.Brieflydescribethemajorissuesandsub-problemstobeaddressedbyyourresearch.?
5.Identifythekeyindependentanddependentvariablesofyourexperiment.Alternatively,specifythephenomenonyouwanttostudy.?
6.Stateyourhypothesisortheory,ifany.Forexploratoryorphenomenologicalresearch,youmaynothaveanyhypotheses.(Pleasedonotconfusethehypothesiswiththestatisticalnullhypothesis.)?
7.Setthedelimitationorboundariesofyourproposedresearchinordertoprovideaclearfocus.?
8.Providedefinitionsofkeyconcepts.(Thisisoptional.)?
LITERATUREREVIEW:
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Sometimestheliteraturereviewisincorporatedintotheintroductionsection.However,mostprofessorspreferaseparatesection,whichallowsamorethoroughreviewoftheliterature.?
Theliteraturereviewservesseveralimportantfunctions:
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1.Ensuresthatyouarenot“reinventingthewheel”.?
2.Givescreditstothosewhohavelaidthegroundworkforyourresearch.?
3.Demonstratesyourknowledgeoftheresearchproblem.?
4.Demonstratesyourunderstandingofthetheoreticalandresearchissuesrelatedtoyourresearchquestion.?
5.Showsyourabilitytocriticallyevaluaterelevantliteratureinformation.?
6.Indicatesyourabilitytointegrateandsynthesizetheexistingliterature.?
7.Providesnewtheoreticalinsightsordevelopsanewmodelastheconceptualframeworkforyourresearch.?
8.Convincesyourreaderthatyourproposedresearchwillmakeasignificantandsubstantialcontributiontotheliterature(i.e.,resolvinganimportanttheoreticalissueorfillingamajorgapintheliterature).?
Moststudents’literaturereviewssufferfromthefollowingproblems:
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*Lackingorganizationandstructure?
*Lackingfocus,unityandcoherence?
*Beingrepetitiveandverbose?
*Failingtociteinfluentialpapers?
*Failingtokeepupwithrecentdevelopments?
*Failingtocriticallyevaluatecitedpapers?
*Citingirrelevantortrivialreferences?
*Dependingtoomuchonsecondarysources?
Yourscholarshipandresearchcompetencewillbequestionedifanyoftheaboveappliestoyourproposal.?
Therearedifferentwaystoorganizeyourliteraturereview.Makeuseofsubheadingstobringorderandcoherencetoyourreview.Forexample,havingestablishedtheimportanceofyourresearchareaanditscurrentstateofdevelopment,youmaydevoteseveralsubsectionsonrelatedissuesas:
theoreticalmodels,measuringinstruments,cross-culturalandgenderdifferences,etc.?
Itisalsohelpfultokeepinmindthatyouaretellingastorytoanaudience.Trytotellitinastimulatingandengagingmanner.Donotborethem,becauseitmayleadtorejectionofyourworthyproposal.(Remember:
Professorsandscientistsarehumanbeingstoo.)?
METHODS:
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TheMethodsectionisveryimportantbecauseittellsyourResearchCommitteehowyouplantotackleyourresearchproblem.Itwillprovideyourworkplananddescribetheactivitiesnecessaryforthecompletionofyourproject.?
TheguidingprincipleforwritingtheMethodsectionisthatitshouldcontainsufficientinformationforthereadertodeterminewhethermethodologyissound.Someevenarguethatagoodproposalshouldcontainsufficientdetailsforanotherqualifiedresearchertoimplementthestudy.?
Youneedtodemonstrateyourknowledgeofalternativemethodsandmakethecasethatyourapproachisthemostappropriateandmostvalidwaytoaddressyourresearchquestion.?
Pleasenotethatyourresearchquestionmaybebestansweredbyqualitativeresearch.However,sincemostmainstreampsychologistsarestillbiasedagainstqualitativeresearch,especiallythephenomenologicalvariety,youmayneedtojustifyyourqualitativemethod.?
Furthermore,sincetherearenowell-establishedandwidelyacceptedcanonsinqualitativeanalysis,yourmethodsectionneedstobemoreelaboratethanwhatisrequiredfortraditionalquantitativeresearch.Moreimportantly,thedatacollectionprocessinqualitativeresearchhasafargreaterimpactontheresultsascomparedtoquantitativeresearch.Thatisanotherreasonforgreatercareindescribinghowyouwillcollectandanalyzeyourdata.(HowtowritetheMethodsectionforqualitativeresearchisatopicforanotherpaper.)?
Forquantitativestudies,themethodsectiontypicallyconsistsofthefollowingsections:
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1.Design-IsitaquestionnairestudyoralaboratoryexperimentWhatkindofdesigndoyouchoose?
2.Subjectsorparticipants–WhowilltakepartinyourstudyWhatkindofsamplingproceduredoyouuse?
3.Instruments–WhatkindofmeasuringinstrumentsorquestionnairesdoyouuseWhydoyouchoosethemAretheyvalidandreliable?
4.Procedure–HowdoyouplantocarryoutyourstudyWhatact
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