Chapter11Communications.docx
- 文档编号:26397575
- 上传时间:2023-06-19
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:15
- 大小:341.31KB
Chapter11Communications.docx
《Chapter11Communications.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Chapter11Communications.docx(15页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Chapter11Communications
Chapter11:
Communications
Whatiscommunications?
Communicationsistheartoftransmittinganideafromthemindofonepersontothemindofanother,withunderstanding.Understandingisthekeyword.
Aclassicalcommunicationsmodel,showninFigure11-1,consistsofasenderwhoisdeveloping,coding,andtransferringinformationthroughcertainmessagechannelstoareceiver.Whenthereceiverisreached,themessageisdecoded,filtered,andthenstudied.Thereceiverusuallysendshisfeedbacktothesenderthroughafeedbackchannel.Theoverallmodeliscalledtheloopofunderstanding.
Figure11-1:
CLASSICALCOMMUNICATIONMODEL
Tellmemore…
Goodcommunicationsskillsareconsideredtobethemostimportantabilitytheprojectmanagermusthaveinordertomanageprojectssuccessfully.Inawell-plannedprojectthemajorresponsibilitiesoftheprojectmanagerpasttheplanningphaseinvolveprovidingefficientcommunicationsandinformingtheprojectstakeholdersoftheprogressachievedandthuscoordinatingtheteameffortwithmaximumsuccess.Itisthereforeveryimportantthattheprojectmanagerhaveawellplannedstructureofinternalprojectcommunicationsaswellasagoodknowledgeandtheabilitytousethemostefficientcommunicationsapproaches.
Themajorfunctionsoftheprojectmanagerinbuildingthecommunicationsinfrastructureofherprojectinvolveactivitiesrelatedtoplanningcommunications,distributinginformation,reportingprogress,andadministrativecloseout.Communicationsplanninginvolvesathoroughanalysisoftheprojectstakeholdersandtheirneedsaswellasknowledgeofthecommunicationtechnologiesthataregongtobeusedintheproject.Theorganizationalstructureandtheprocessoforganizationalplanningfortheprojectwilldeterminesomemajorcommunicationrequirements.
Informationdistributionisaprocessthatinvolvesthedevelopmentofsystemsforgatheringanddistributinginformationandthemajorcommunicationskillsthatwearegoingtoreviewintherestofthischapter,whichinclude:
▪Theabilitytotransferinformationcorrectlyandprovideaclearunderstandingofthemessagetransferred,whichinvolvesgoodlisteningandtalkingskills
▪Theunderstandingofdifferenttypesofcommunications(written,oral,formal,informal,etc.)andknowingwhentousewhich
▪Presentationskillsandmeetingmanagementtechniques
▪Knowledgeandutilizationofthepersonalitytypespresentinsideandoutsideofyourprojectteamandtheabilitytocorrectyourapproachaccordingtopersonalitytype
Whatarethemajortypesofcommunications?
Communicationsbetweenpersonsarecarriedoutverballyandnonverbally.Verbalcommunicationsareintheformoforalandwrittenmessages.Oralcommunicationscanbecarriedoutthroughdialogues,meetings,negotiations,presentations,ortelephoneconversationswherethemainpartoftheinformationistransmittedthroughvocalsignals.Writtencommunicationscanberealizedthroughdocumentsintheformofletters,instructionsandorders,andregulationsandstatuteswhenonepersontransferssignalstoanotherpersoninwrittenform.
Tellmemore…
Nonverbalcommunicationsoccurthroughbodylanguageandthemodulationandcoloringofspeech.Bodylanguageisamaincomponentofnonverbalcommunicationsinfluencingtheotherparticipantinthecommunicationprocess.Itincludesdress,gestures,pose,facialexpression,eyecontact,andeventhespacebetweenthepeoplewhoarecommunicating.
Examplesofthemostknownconsciousbodysignsinclude:
▪Clenchedfistinfrontofsomeone'sfacemeansthreat.
▪Afingerputuptosomeone'smouthmeans:
"Keepsilent".
▪Anopenhandputtoanearmeans:
"Speakup,Ican'thearyou".
▪Araisedhandorfingermeansapersonwantstosaysomething,etc.
Theexamplesofunconsciousbodyexpressionsmayinclude:
▪Enlargedeyepupilsinthecaseofincreasedinterest.
▪Liftedshouldersinthecaseoftension.
▪Mouthcornersdroppedinthecaseofpersonwhoistired,unhappy,orangry.
▪Ahandclosingthenoseandlipsifthepersonisuncertain.
▪Aheadbenttothesideinthecaseofalistenerbeinginterested,etc.
Thepositionoftheshouldersandtheheadcangivelotsofinformationaboutwhetherapersonisopenedorclosed,incontrolofthesituationornot,tensedorrelaxed.Normallyapersonliftstheshoulderswhenheorsheistenseanddropsthemwhenrelaxed.Theheaddroppedandshouldersliftedmayalsomeanafeelingoflosing,dissatisfaction,fear,uncertainty.
Ifyouneedtomakeapresentationinfrontofagroupofpeople,youcanpredicthowtheaudiencefeelsaboutyoubywatchingtheposeoftheshouldersandheadsofpeople;themoretenseandaggressivetheaudienceis,themoreliftedshouldersanddroppedheadsandmonthcornerstherewillbe.
Headliftedandshouldersdroppedmaymeanopenness,interest,orientationtowardssuccess,feelingincontrol.
Theposeofthebodyisimportantfortheanalysisofhowapersonfeels.Youneedtorememberitmayhaveonemeaningormultiplemeanings.Whenapersonissayingwhathethinks,hisposesendsoutsinglemeaningsigns.Ifitismostlyerect,withoutmuchcurve,theheadandfeetonthesameline,thisisaposeofapersoncontrollingasituation,satisfiedwithwhatheisdoingandhavingnohiddenintentions.
Apersonwhoistryingtodictateandmakepeopleobeytakesaposethatissomewhatleaningforward.Itmayalsomeanuncertaintywhenthepersonisnotsurethathewantstodosomething.
Whenthebodyisbentback,itnormallymeansresistance,defensivefeelings,dissatisfaction,awillingnesstohavetheleastpossiblecontactwiththeinterlocutor.Allofthesearethesingle-meaningposes,butitisalsoimportanttoremembertheposecanhavemultiplemeanings;aleaningforwardandatthesametime"lookingfromabove"posecanmeanthepersoniswillingtodictate,butinrealityfeelshisfaultandwantstobeexcusedforit.
Itisimportanttounderstand,particularlyforcommunicationsinaprojectenvironment,whichcanofteninvolverepresentativesofdifferentcultures,thatbodylanguagecandependonaperson'snationality.Differentnationalitieshavedifferentspecificsandcharacteristicsofbodylanguage.Firstofall,thereisconsciousbodylanguage.Apersonwhowantstotalkraisesahandorafinger,apersonwhowantsotherpeopletokeepsilentputsafingertohislips,etc.However,thereisalsounconsciousbodylanguage,which,ifinterpretedproperly,givesmuchimportantinformationaboutpeople'sintentionsandattitude.
Inordertounderstandbodylanguagecorrectly,itisnotenoughtolookatonedetailandcometoaconclusion;bodysignshavetobeconsideredintegrallyandcorrelatedwiththewholesituation.
Importantunconsciousbodylanguageincludesthepositionoftheshouldersandthehead,pose(positionofabody),facialexpressionsincludingthepositionofthemouth,theeyebrows,andtheeyes,andthesizeoftheeye'spupils.
Inordertoreachharmonywithyourcounterpartandincreasetheefficiencyofcommunications,itisimportanttohelphimorhertoopenup.Thiscanbedonebyimitatingormirroringtheposesofaclosedpersonandslowlymakingchangestotheposeinordertoencouragetheotherpersontoahigherlevelofopenness.Thistechniquenotonlyhelpsyoumovethepersonintoamoreopenstate,butalsohelpsyouunderstandtheperson'sattitudes,anditdistractsyourattentionfromyourownproblemsorlackofconfidence.
Communicationsaremademuchmoreefficientifthelistenerdemonstratesanopen,active,andpolitelisteningstyletothepersoncommunicatingusingbodylanguage.
Speechparametersformasecondimportantcomponentofverbalcommunications.Agreatpercentageofcommunicatedinformationistransmittedthisway.Itincludesintonation,voicetimbre,speedofspeech,choiceofwords,volumeofthevoice,pronunciationofwords,etc.
Thewaysofprovidingcommunicationsarewellknowntomostpeopleandincludelistening,speaking,reading,andwriting.Listeningisaone-sidedprocesswhenonepersonistalkingandanotherperceivesinformationwithoutinterrupting.Listeningisthemostimportantskillofinterpersonalcommunications.Themajortypesoflisteninginclude:
▪Informationgathering(neutral)
▪Defensivelistening(withaskepticalattitudetowardthespeaker)
▪Aggressivelistening(withaneffortto"catch"thespeaker)
▪Politelistening(pausingbetweenstatements)
▪Selectivelistening(hearingwhatonewantstohear)
▪Activelistening(understandingthelistenerandencouragingcommunicationsduringthedialogue)
Speakingrepresentsadialoguebetweentwopersonsandmakesupamajorpartofcommunicationsduringmeetings,negotiations,andpresentations.Itisthesecondmostimportantskillofinterpersonalcommunicationsafterlistening.
Readingistheprocessofperceivingwritteninformation.Itisespeciallyimportantforpeoplewhoareintellectualtypeswhopreferformallogictoamoreemotionalperceptionoftheworld.
Writing,whichhasplayedanimportantroleinprovidingcommunicationsduringthelastthousandyears,islosingitsimportanceinthetwenty-firstcentury.Bywritingwemeanactualwrittencommunicationwithhandwritingorprintingonpaper.E-mail,whichhasemergedasanewcommunicationstechnology,isactuallyanewkindofcommunicationsomewherebetweenwrittenandverbal.
Howcanweincreaseaccuracyincommunications?
Itisawell-knownfactthat80percentofamanager'stimeisspentcommunicating.Itisasomewhatless-knownfactthatthenormalefficiencyofcommunicatingisprettylow:
rightaftertheinformationisheardbyaperson,h
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Chapter11Communications