1998年专业8级考试真题.docx
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1998年专业8级考试真题.docx
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1998年专业8级考试真题
TEM-8Exercise1
PART2PROOFREADINGANDERRORCORRECTION[15MIN]
Proofreadthegivenpassageonanswersheettwoasinstructed.
ThefollowingpassagecontainsTENerrors. EachindicatedlinecontainsamaximumofONEerror. Ineachcase,onlyONEwordisinvolved. Youshouldproof-readthepassageandcorrectitinthefollowingway:
Forawrongword,underlinethewrongwordandwritethecorrectoneinthe blankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Foramissingword,markthepositionofthemissingwordwitha"^"signandwritethewordyoubelievetobemissingintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Foranunnecessaryword,crosstheunnecessarywordwithaslash"/"andputthewordintheblankprovidedattheendoftheline.
Example
When^artmuseumwantsanewexhibit, [1]an
itbuysthingsinfinishedformandhangsthemonthewall. [2]never
Whenanaturalhistorymuseumwantsanexhibition,itmust [3]exhibit
oftenbuildit.
Whenahumaninfantisbornintoanycommunityinanypartoftheworldithastwothingsincommonwithanyinfant,providedneitherofthem
(1)havebeendamagedinanywayeitherbeforeorduringbirth.Firstly,and
(2)mostobviously,newbornchildrenarecompletelyhelpless.Apartfromapowerfulcapacitytopayattentiontotheirhelplessnessbyusingsound,(3)thereisnothingthenewbornchildcandotoensurehisownsurvival.Withoutcarefromsomeotherhumanbeingorbeings,beitmother,grandmother,orhumangroup,achildisveryunlikelytosurvive. Thishelplessnessofhumaninfantsisinmarkedcontrastwiththecapacityofmanynewbornanimalstogetontheirfeet withinminutesofbirthandrunwiththeherdwithinafewhours. Althoughyoung(4)animalsarecertainlyinrisk,sometimes forweeksorevenmonthsafter(5)birth,comparedwiththehumaninfanttheyveryquicklydevelopthecapacitytofendforthem.(6)
Itisduringthisverylongperiodinwhichthehumaninfantistotallydependentontheothersthatitrevealsthesecondfeaturewhichit(7)shareswithallotherundamagedhumaninfants,acapacitytolearnlanguage.Forthisreason,biologistsnowsuggestthatlanguagebe(8)“speciesspecific”tothehumanrace,thatistosay,theyconsiderthehumaninfanttobegeneticprogrammed(9)insuchwaythatitcanacquirelanguage.(10)
Thissuggestionimplies thatjustashumanbeingsaredesignedtoseethree-dimensitionallyandincolour,andjustastheyaredesignedtostanduprightratherthantomoveonallfours,sotheyaredesignedtolearnanduselanguageaspartoftheirnormaldevelopmentaswell-formedhumanbeings.
PART3READINGCOMPREHENSION[40MIN]
SECTIONAREADINGCOMPREHENSIN[30MIN]
Inthissectiontherearefivereadingpassagesfollowedbyatotaloffifteenmultiple-choicequestions.Readthepassagesandthenmarkyouranswersontheanswersheet.
TEXTA
ONSOCIETY
Lowself-esteempopsupregularlyinacademicreportsasanexplanationforallsortsofviolence,fromhatecrimesandstreetcrimestoterrorism.Butdespitethepopularityoftheexplanation,notmuchevidencebacksitup.InarecentissueofPsychologicalReview,threeresearchersexaminethisliteratureatlengthandconcludethatamuchstrongerlinkconnectshighself-esteemtoviolence."Itisdifficulttomaintainbeliefinthelowself-esteemviewafterseeingthatthemoreviolentgroupsaregenerallytheoneswithhigherself-esteem,"writeRoyBarmeisterofCaseWesternReserveUniversityandLauraSmartandJosephBodenoftheUniversityofVirginia.
Theconversationviewisthatpeoplewithoutself-esteemtrytogainitbyhurtingothers.Theresearchersfindthatviolenceismuchmoreoftentheworkofpeoplewithunrealisticallyhighself-esteemattackingotherswhochallengetheirself-image.Underthisumbrellacomebullies,rapists,racists,psychopathsandmembersofstreetgangsandorganizedcrime.
Thestudyconcludes:
"Certainformsofhighself-esteemseemtoincreaseone'spronenesstoviolence.Anuncriticalendorsementoftheculturalvalueofself-esteemmaythereforebecouterproductiveandevendangerous......Thesocietalpursuitofhighself-esteemforeveryonemayliterallyendupdoingconsiderableharm."
Asforprisonprogramsintendedtomakeviolentconvictsfeelbetteraboutthemselves,"perhapsitwouldbebettertotryinstillingmodestyandhumility,"theresearcherswrite.
InaninterviewwiththeBostonGlobe,Baumeistersaidhebelievesthe"self"-promotingestablishmentisstartingtocrumble."Whatwouldworkbetterforthecountryistoforgetaboutself-esteemandconcentrateonself-control,"hesaid.
Intheschools,thiswouldmeanturningawayfrompsychicboosterismandemphasizingself-esteemasaby-productofrealachievement,notasanendinitself.Theself-esteemmovement,stillentrenchedinschoolsofeducation,isdeeplyimplicatedinthedumbingdownofourschools,andinthespuriousequalitybehindtheideathatitisaterriblepsychicblowifonestudentdoesanybetteroranyworsethananother.Let'shopeitisindeedcrumbling.
11.Theresearcherfindthattherearestrongerconnectionsbetween_____
A.lowself-esteemandviolence.
B.lowself-controlandviolence.
C.highself-imageandviolence.
D.highself-controlandviolence.
正确答案是
12.TheresearcherswouldmostprobablyagreewiththefollowingEXCEPT_____
A.self-esteemshouldbepromotedandencouraged.
B.schoolsshouldchangetheirconceptofself-esteem.
C.thetraditionalviewisbeginningtoloseground.
D.prisonsshouldchangetheirpresentpractice.
正确答案是
TEXTB
Socialchangeismorelikelytooccurinheterogeneoussocietiesthaninhomogeneous,simplybecausetherearemorediversepointsofviewavailableintheformer.Therearemoreideas,moreconflictsofinterest,andmoregroupsandorganizationsofdifferentpersuasions.Inaddition,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandtoleranceinheterogeneoussocieties.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifetodecisionratherthansubjectingthemtoauthority.Inaquitehomogeneoussociety,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoperceivetheneedortheopportunityforchange,becauseeverythingseemstobethesameand,ifnotsatisfactory,atleastcustomaryandundisputed.
Withinasociety,socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadily
(1)inthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;
(2)inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly;(3)inthelessbasic,lessemotional,orlesssacredaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites,likereligionorasystemofprestige;(4)inthesimpleelementsratherthaninthecomplexones;(5)informratherthaninsubstance;and(6)inelementscongenialtothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.
Furthermore,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomesmorereadilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdichotomies.ThisisonereasonwhychangehasnotcomemorequicklytoBlackAmericansascomparedtootherAmericanminorities,becauseofthesharpdifferenceinappearancebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.
13.Accordingtothepassage,themaindifferencebetweenahomogeneoussocietyandaheterogeneousoneliesin_____
A.thenumberofopportunitiesoffered.
B.thenatureofconflictsofinterest.
C.theawarenessoftheneedforchange.
D.theroleofsocialorganizations.
正确答案是
14.Theauthorwouldmostprobablyagreethatchangesaremorelikelytobesuccessfulin_____
A.productionmethods.
B.ideologicalconcepts.
C.religiousbeliefs.
D.socialbehavior.
正确答案是
TEXTC
Oneargumentusedtosupporttheideathatemploymentwillcontinuetobethedominantformofwork,andthatemploymentwilleventuallybecomeavailableforallwhowantit,isthatworkingtimewillcontinuetofall.Peopleinjobswillworkfewerhoursintheday,fewerdaysintheweek,fewerweeksintheyear,andfeweryearsinalifetime,thantheydonow.Thiswillmeanthatmorejobswillbeavailableformorepeople.This,itissaid,isthewayweshouldsetaboutrestoringfullemployment.
Thereisnodoubtthatsomethingofthiskindwillhappen.Theshorterworkingweek,longerholidays,earlierretirement,job-sharing--theseandotherwaysofreducingtheamountoftimepeoplespendontheirjobs--arecertainlylikelytospread.Amixofpart-timepaidworkandpart-timeunpaidworkislikelytobecomeamuchmorecommonworkpatternthantoday,andaflexi-lifepatternofwork--involvingpaidemploymentatcertainstagesoflife,butnotatothers--willbecomewidespread.Butitissurelyunrealistictoassumethatthiswillmakeitpossibletorestorefullemploymentasthedominantformofwork.
Inthefirstplace,solongasemploymentremainstheoverwhelminglyimportantformofworkandsourceofincomeformostpeoplethatitistoday,itisverydifficulttoseehowreductionsinemployees'workingtimecantakeplaceonascalesufficientlybeen,forexampleinBritainandGermany,aboutthepossibilityofintroducinga35-hourworkingweek,havehighlightedsomeofthedifficulties.But,secondly,ifchangesofthiskindweretotakeplaceatapaceandonascalesufficienttomakeitpossibletoshareemploymentamongallwhowantedit,theresultingsituation--inwhichmostpeoplewouldnotbeworkingintheirjobsformorethantwoorthreeshortdaysaweek--couldhardlycontinuetobeoneinwhichemploymentwasstillregardedastheonlytrulyvalidformofwork.Therewouldbesomanypeoplespendingsomuchofthei
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