英语四级.docx
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英语四级.docx
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英语四级
PartIWriting(30minutes)
注意:
此部分试题在答题卡l上。
PartIWriting(30minutes)
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteAWelcomeLetter.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:
1.你的外国朋友Pabl0要来你的家乡玩,对此用一封信来表达你的欢迎;
2.对家乡做一个简要的介绍。
PartIIReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(15minutes)
Directions:
Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.
CanWeReplantthePlanet’sRainforests?
It’shardnottobeimpressedbyrainfurests.Towering,agedtreescalledemergantsstretchalmost250feet(76meters)intotheair,surpassingtheinterwovencanopythatbothcoversandhousesmorethanhalfoftheworld’sspecies.Thoughrainforestscontainnearlyhalfofalltheplanet’strees,theyonlycoverabout7percentofthesurfaceoftheland.
Despitetheimportanceofrainforests,deforestationpracticescontinue.Thoughthetermcanapplytonaturalcauseslikeforestfires,it’scommonlylinkedtohumanactivities,likelogging,agricultureandmining--allimportantforoureconomy.Butbystripping(剥夺)thelandoftheseresources,wemustaccepttheconsequencesofouractions.Choppingdownrainforestsincreasesthelikelihoodofsoilerosion,landslidesandflooding.Italsodecreasesbiodiversityandmedicalresources.Morethan25percentofmodernmedicineisderivedfromrainfurestplants,andonly1percentofrainforestplantspecieshavebeenstudiedforpotentialmedicinaluses.DeforestationalsodestroysthehomelandsofindigenousculturesandaffectsthelivelihoodsOfmillionsofotherpeople,manyofwhomliveintheworld’spoorestregions.
Inanefforttocounteractthisdestruction,conservationeffortsareblossomingacrosstheglobe.Amongthesearereforestationprojects,aimedatincreasingtheamountoflivingtreesandphysicallylinkingremainingforeststogether,tocombathabitatlossandpreventspeciesextinction.
Therearcmanychallengesfacingtheseprojects.Firstly,rainforestsarcfullofancient,gigantictrees;thesearen’tthesaplingsyoubuyatyourlocalnursery.Muchoftheactionofarainforest’secosystemtakesplaceintheloftyupperreaches,
whichcanpresentproblemsforreforestationeffortssincetoweringtreestakedecadestogrow.Secondly,rainforesttreescloselyrelyontheirevolutionaryplaymates--thesurroundingfloraandfauna--tocreatethedelicateconditionsneededtosustainfunctionssuchasnutrientcyclesandpollination.
Sowhilerainfurestsprovideaflourishing(欣欣向荣的)habitatforlife,thesuccessofthathabitatreliesonafragilebalanceofecologicalfactors.Takeawaythetreesandyouhaveamajorproblem.Butifthesoil’sbacteriaandothermicroorganisms(微生物),whichbreakdownthenutrient-richorganicmatterthattumblestothedarkforestfloor,arcalsoeliminated,therainfurestisdestroyed.Iftheinsectsandbirdsthatactascriticalpollinatorsgoextinct,lifewillfalter.
So,canwepushupoursleeves,grabashovel,diginandjuststartreplantingtherainforests?
Toacertainextent,wecan.
However,whileeffortsatreforestationhavesignificantvalue,they’reusuallynotascrucialaspreservingexistingrainforests.
Rainforestconservationisjustasimportantastryingtoreforestotherareas.
Reforestationcanbeaccomplishedbynature,byhumansorthroughacombinationofthetwo.SomereforestationeffortsfocusongrowingforestsquicklybecausethesewoodlandsarekeytomanyofEarth’snaturalcycles,suchasthecarbonandwatercycles.Replantingdeforestedlandwithquick-growingexotictreespecies,likeeucalyptusorAustralianacacia,canhelpsolveimmediateproblemssuchassoilerosionandelevatedcarbonlevels.
However,exotictreesmaymakethelandunsuitableforfuturerainforestcultivationbychangingthesoil’soriginalcharacteristics.Scientistsneedtostudyindividualsituationstodeterminewhattypeofimpacteachforeignspecieswillmakeonthearea’smicrobiallife,andwhattheappropriatechoicesareforreforestation.Onapositivenote,fast-growingsecondaryforestsandtreefarmscanreplaceprimaryforestsasasourceforagriculturalandenergyneeds.Aprimaryforestisbasicallyonethat’sundisturbedbyhumansandhassufferedveryfewecologicaldisruptions(ep~l).Thereareseveralothernamesforaprimaryforest,suchasoldgrowthandprimevalforest.Asecondaryforestisonethathasregrownafteradestructiveevent,likeafireorlogging.Primaryforestsusuallyhavemuchhigherlevelsofbiodiversitythansecondaryones,whichispartofthereasonconservationistsaretryingtosaveoldgrowth.
Inareaswheredeforestationissevere,remainingpatchesofprimaryforestsareoftenlocatedatgreatdistancesfromothersurvivingrainforestsorreforestedregions.Thismakesanimalsurvivalandrecolonization,aswellasplantcross-pollination,difficultandcanimpedeeffortstosustainactualrainforestecology.Althoughtheparcelsofvegetativelandcanincreasethechanceofsomespecies’short-termsurvival,researcherssaythespeciesarelikelydoomedtoextinctionoverthelongtema.
One-wayconservationistsseektoprotectrainforestspeciesistoreforestthecorridorsoftreesthatliebetweenrainforestparcels.Thisgivesplantsandanimalsaccesstoalargerhabitatandthechancetomixwithotherpopulations,whichcanboost
theirgeneticdiversityandhelppreventextinctionthroughisolationformostspecies.Conservationistscanhelpcultivatethesearborealarteriesintosupportablerainforesthabitatsbyworkingtohavethesecorridorswidened.Thewiderthecorridorsare,thesafertheybecomeformigratinganimalstouse.
It’salsoimportanttoreforestandenlargeareasadjacenttothesesurvivingparcels.Thisprovidesaneasymeansforspeciestoinhabitnewterritoryandexpandviablerainforestecology.
Researchersareexploringseveraloptionsforimprovingandeasingreforestationefforts.Oneinventivemethodinvolvesbats.Installingman-madebatroostsindeforestedareascanencouragetheseuniquelyflight-enabledmammals(likethe
spectacledflyingfox)tospreadseedsandbegintheprocessofrainforestregeneration.Activitieslikeinstallingbatroostsareexamplesofhowpeopleareapartofnaturalreforestationefforts.
Reforestationeffortsaresproutingupallaroundtheworld.Numerousconservationgroupsareworkingtopreserve,enlargeandconnecttheworld’srainforests.Let’stakeacloserlookatsomeofthoseprojects.
Rwanda’sgovernmentandvariousecologicalgroupsarepayingspecialattentiontotheGishwatiForestReserve.Onceavastrainforest,activitiessuchasdeforestationandrefugeeresettlementreducedittoafractionofitsoriginalsizearoundtheturnofthecentury.Sincethen,reforestationhassomewhatincreasedthesizeoftheforest,butitremainsasliverofitsoriginalsize.
AprojectcalledtheRwandanNationalConservationParkisgainingmomentum,andthosepeopleinvolvedwiththeprojectareworkingtobringtherainforestbackandconnectitwithlarger,survivingrainforestsnearby.Theseindividualsandorganizationsarelookingtoaccomplishthisthroughtheuseofwidetreecorridors.Theyalsoplantoincreasetheacreageofthecoreforestandstudytheecologyoftheforest’sanimals,particularlyitschimpanzees.
注意:
此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答;8-10题在答题卡1上。
1.Accordingthepassage,whatactivitiesdestroytherainforests?
[A]Allhumanactivities,
[B]Forestfires,farmingandmining.
[C]Loggingonly.
[D]Soilerosion,landslidesandflooding.
2.Whichofthefollowingisoneofthepurposesofreforestationprojects?
[A]Tostudythepotentialmedicinalusesoftrees.
[B]Toprotectthehabitatandpreventspeciesloss.
[C]Tomakefulluseoftherainforests.
[D]Toprotecttheremainingforests.
3.Whatdorainforesttreestightlyrelyon?
"
[A]Saplings.
[B]Microorganisms.
[C]Floraandfauna.
[D]Insectsandbirds.
4.Whyarethequick-growingexotictreespeciesreplantedinthedeforestedland?
[A]13ecausetheycanhelppreventsoilerosion.
[B]Becausetheyareeasytosurvive.
[C]BecausesomeofthemareeucalyptusorAustralianacacia.
[D]Becausetheylooklikeancienttreesverymuch.
5.Whyareconservationiststryingtosaveprimaryforests?
[A]Becauseasecondaryforestmustbereplanted.
[B]Becauseafireorloggingcandestroyprimaryforests.
[C]Becausehumanactivitiescandestroyprimaryforests.
[D]Becausetheyhavemuchhigherlevelsofbiodiversity.
6.Whatprovidesaneasymeanstoinhabitnewterritoryandexpandviablerainforestecology?
[A]Makingtheplantsandanimalsliveinasafehabitat.
[B]Migratingrainforestspeciesbyconservationists.
[C]Reforestingthecorridorsoftreesthatliebetweenrainforestparcels.
[D]Developingnewspeciessuitabletotherainforest.
7.What’sthefunctionofinstallingman-madebatroostsindeforestedareas?
[A]Toattractbatstolivethere.
[B]Toencouragebatsspreadseeds.
[C]Toattractotheranimalstocome.
[D]Toincreasespeciesdiversity.
8.Conservationgroupsallaroundtheworldareworkingto__________theworld’srairiforests.
9.Aroundtheturnofthecentury,therewasavastrainforestinRwandareduceditsoriginalsizeby______________
10.AccordingtoaprojectcalledtheRwandanNationalConservationPark,researchersalsoplantostudytheecologyoftheforest
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