桥梁发展史.docx
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桥梁发展史.docx
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桥梁发展史
Bridgehistory
Bridgeisanimportantpartofthecircuit.Inhistory,whenevertransportmajorchangesinweight,Bridges,toputforwardnewrequirementsspan,andpromotedthedevelopmentofthebridgeengineering.Inthe1920's,railwaywasdeveloped,thebridgeusedmaterialsisstoneandwoodisgivenpriorityto,castironandcastirononlyoccasionallyuse.Inthelongyears,Bridgespracticehasaccumulatedrichexperience,createdmanyforms.Butnow,useavarietyofmainbridgetypecanalmostbefoundinancientorigins.Inthemostbasicthreebridgetype,beampumpingbridgeoriginatedinimitationoflodgingin:
broadleafforesttreesofthewoodenbridge,andbuiltintoawoodenbridge,whichevolvedShiLiangbridge,untilthe19thcenturyoftrussgirder,Thegrowthofsuspensionbridgeoriginatedinimitationofnaturalacrossdeepgrooveandvaluableclimbingcane,bambooandbuilttosuspensionevolutionofdissectsTibet,softofself-anchoredsuspensionBridges,untilastiffeninggirdersuspensionbridge,Archbridgeoriginatedinimitationoflimestonecavebytheformationofthe"TianShengQiao"andbuiltintoawoodenarchbridge,evolutionandcastironarchbridge.
Inarailwaylater,woodenbridge,stonebridge,railwayandoriginalBridgesfoundationconstructiontechnologywashardtoadapttotheneeds.Buttothe19thcenturycentaury,duetothebasicknowledgeofstructuralmechanicsspread,steelsupplyinlargequantities,airpressurecaissonapplicationtechnologymaturity,therailwaybridgeengineeringrapiddevelopment.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,NorthAmericawasinrailwaybridgesteelspanaspectsevensetupanewworldrecord.Tobeforethesecondworldwar,highwaybridgesteelandsteelreinforcedconcretebridgespansrecordsandhaveexceededtherailwaybridge.
Afterthesecondworldwar,alargenumberofthedestructionofhtactorepair,xinqiaoneedbridgebuilt,andthebridgesteelshortages,hence,usein30yearsaccumulatedabouthigh-strengthmaterialandefficienttechnology(welding,prestressedtensionandanchoring,highstrengthboltconstructioncraft,etc.)ofexperience,popularizetheseveralnewbridge──withorthotropicsteelbridgepanelofsteelboxgirder,realabdomensectionprestressedconcretebridgeandcable-stayedBridges.
Sincethe1960s,autotransportationsoared,materialsupplyrelieved,therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,bridgeengineeringandimprovequality,reducecost,reducethebridgeYangHuFeiaspectsobtainedverybigimprovement.
Foreignbridgeengineeringdevelopmentinthe1820sbefore(before)haverailway
(1)thebridge.InBC2000yearsago,BabylonhadintheEuphratesriverisbuiltontheShiDunwoodenbridge,JiMubeamatnightremoval,incasetheenemyattack.InRome,GeraldineJimCaesarhadformarchingneeds,in55bcinontheRhineriverforbuildingamorethan300meters,lengjiBridges.InSwitzerlandluzernhaskepttwomedievalstyleofwoodenbridge:
oneisthechurchwasbuiltin1333bridge,oneisin1408torrewasfoundedTengTanblavatsky(Totentanz)bridge,thetwobridgehasbridgehouse,ceilinghavepainting.In1756~1766,Switzerlandbuiltspanis52~73metersofthreegreatbridge,twoisalsoarch,theotheroneisalsotrussarchbearing,locatedinusewoodWeiTingGen,span61meters.
InAsia,woodenarchbridgeappearedearlier,Japanhaspreservedrockkingdomcitywithwoodenarchbridge,5KongJinspan27.5m,foundedin1673years,itspatternfromChina.The18thcenturytothebeginningof19thcenturythree,forfortyyears,thatisprevalentinAmericabuiltroof(protectionwood)largebridge,1815inPennsylvaniabuiltacrossSaSiKuiHannahriverofmaidangkaoerferrybridge,spanto110meters,isunprecedented.
stonebridge.TheRomanerabridge,asemicirclearchring,arch,QiFengdon'tcutsteleinscriptionswerewidelyusedasrefinedmortar.Becausewecannotbuilddeepwaterfoundations,thespanofpierwidthofthearchthanmostfor1/3to1/2ofblockingwaterarea,too,thereforebuiltacrossmorethanHeQiaoalreadywashedout.ThereisaSpanishterritorysixholesarch,nameAlcantara(Alcantara)bridge,thetowersarebuiltontherock,yetintact.
Europeinthemiddleages(5~10century)period,bridgeconstructionwasbecauseoffeudallordsandrecession.IncentralAsiaandEgyptforestisless,sostonebridgeusedmore.TheGongShiprocessingthicker,layingwithlimemortar,Thearcharcincopingoftenformsharpedges.ThisstoneBridges,simpleconstructionin11~12centurieswasintroducedinEurope,andatthecurrentcustom,onthebridgeorsetsthechurch,shrines,gods,orsetupcheckpoints,bunkers,orsetupshop,housing.InFrance,avignon1177~saladinbeginsintoacrossROMNeHe20holearch,spanof30meters,oncefamoustemporarily;ButfiresandoutfitthatwasBingPaidamage,nowonlystayashorefourholesandabovethesmallchurch.InBritain1176~1209builtincrossingtheriverThamesinLondon,theoldbridgepierblockwaterhasaverylargearea,intidalfluctuations,bridgebyscouringvelocityisveryhigh,riverbridge,veryearlyobvioussinking.ItisLondontransportarteries,thereinforcementmaintenance,using600years,until1826buildLondonxinqiaowhendemolished.1308~1355yearsinFrancethecahorsbuiltwattslangMrLittle(Valentre)bridge,forsixholeshavelongspan16.5meter,tightandtoweringJianLoufortificationsincethreetombs,standingintact.
EuropeanRenaissanceinforthebridgedeckZongPogently,eli,urbantrafficarchbridgerise-spanratiosarehighandspanofsagittal(than)reducedsignificantly,andarcharccurvecorrespondingchange,stoneprocessingandhastenisfine.InItaly,fiorentinaholyterrythetowerbridgewasbuiltTrinita)(Santa1569years,altogether1567~3hole,crossmeasures29.3meters,rise-spanratiosareforbid,archaxistoexploitarc(archarcradiusinarchtoeplacelessthanvaultsplace),controltwoarcinvaultsintersect,wassetinJiaoJiaoarchchampionsanaglyphcover,VeniceLiYaErtorreRialto)bridgewasbuilt(from1588to1592,span27.0metershigh,sagittal6.4meters,eachbridgethecrowdofalluvialsoilhasscoredastakeinover6,000root.1575~1606builtinParis,Francexinqiaoaltogether12hole,thelargestspan19.4meters,bridgehousingZhiBi,becomebusystreets,until1848~in1855rebuiltwhenitisremoved.
Inthe18thcentury,Europestoneatthehighestlevel.ThenthebridgebyFranceexpertasj.-r.capelloinsiderepresented.Intheworld'soldestuniversities──Parisbridgeroadschoolfor1747foundedin,capellowithinanyprincipalsandteachers.HismasterpiecescanliftacrossSchwartzriversaintmark'sSangSibridgeasanexample,atotalofthreeholes,spanall21.8meters,sagittalhigh1.98metresthick,pierforarchbridgepiersspanratiois.7,eachbytwopairsofpillarform.Thebridgehasbeendestroyedin1870war.
InIran,IsfahanofPul.dopplerhalong(1642~Khajoo)bridgewasbuiltin1667,bridgeovertheriverdamlocatedinelam,24,pointedarchbridgeisquitewide,havecastles.ItisdeserttraveleryearningrestingcoolLanShenginjiadi.
3ironarchbridge.Untilsmeltersattractedtomanufacturelargeusecoke,thisbridgecastingbeforebuilding.British1779yearswhencolebrookedyer(Coalbrookdale)firstintoaZhuKuaabout3.05metersofcastironribarchbridge.Thebridgehadbeenusedin170,presentlyasculturalrelicspreservation.
4forgingironrodsuspensionbridge.Earlysoftofself-anchoredsuspensionBridgesself-respectsmall,materialsoflowintensity,cannotstandperiodicliveloadfunction(militarytotidypace,whohadmadethisbridgecrossthebridgedamage),Inthewindloads,easytodestroy.ButBritish18.2~1826inplumnaistraitbuiltthespanof177metersforgingironrodsoftofself-anchoredsuspensionBridges(roadbridge),alonecaninbridgedeckwithbadalongwiththeattainlongevity(1940,inunchangedconditions,alreadywillbarchainintolowalloysteeleyebar).
The1920stoappearintheearly19thcentury,westernrailwayrailwayarchribandcastironmainlyusearch.Inwillcastironribarchbridge,incrossforpierdoesnotsufferarchhorizontalthrust,classicsinthesamearchribsetuptiebetweenthetwo,formingbowstringarchbridge(seecombinationsystembridge).ForexampleUK1849usingthismethodinNewcastlecompleted6x378,000metersdouble-layer(upperforrailway,bottomisroad)castironarchbridge.TheUnitedStatesandRussiahavemoreusewoodenbridge,ItscrossGuQiaoisoftenadoptedlengjiBridges,Thelarge-spanbridgeisusewoodenarchandwoodtrussgirder.In1840,obtainedapatentforAmericanhuismantrussbeam,thestructureislikeRussia..Ralphwasbuilt,radhayankeesst.Petersburg(nowLeningrad)toMoscowrailwaywhenthedesignoflarge-spantrussbeambridgethesame;Itschordandcrossabdomenpoleusewood,verticalwebmembersrespondedwitharoundiron,simplestructure,mechanicalclearandcanbeusedasarepresentativeofthetrussbeamatthattime.Wroughtironandsteelappear,graduallychangedthefaceofrailwayBridges.In1485,Englandj.inventedthesteamhammers;withinSmith.In1851,Englandinrochesterbridgeconstructionfoundation(usedinpressurecaissonssinkingdeepasvast18.5m),andIneverendeddeep-waterriverscannotrepairhistory.
(1)castironbridge.In1832,BritaininGlasgowbeganwithani-shapedcross-sectionwroughtironbuildbeampumpingbridge.Thiskindofbridgespanslateroncereached960meters.1940sBritainaregoingtobuildanacrossthestraitoflarge-spannanotubesmeirailwaybridge,castironarchbridgecan'
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