全国职称英语等级考试样题卫生类.docx
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全国职称英语等级考试样题卫生类.docx
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全国职称英语等级考试样题卫生类
全国职称英语等级考试样题--卫生类
第一部分阅读理解(75分)
Passage1
Untilthetwentiethcenturycigaretteswerenotanimportantthreat(威胁)topublichealth.Menusedtobaccomainlyintheformofcigars(雪茄烟),chewingtobacco,pipetobacco(烟草),andsnuff(鼻烟).Mostwomendidnotusetobaccoatall.
Thecigaretteindustrybeganinthe1870swiththedevelopmentofthecigarettemanufacturingmachines.Thismadeitpossibletoproducegreatnumbersofcigarettesveryquickly,anditreducedtheprice.
Todaycigarettessmokingisawidespreadhabit.Aboutforty-threepercentoftheadultmenandthirty-onepercentoftheadultwomenintheUnitedStatessmokecigarettesregularly.Itisencouragingtonote,however,thatmillionsofpeoplehavegivenupthesmokinghabit.Seventy-fivepercentofthemalepopulationandforty-sixpercentofthethesemenandelevenpercentofthewomenhavestoppedsmoking.Thenumberofpersonswhohavegivenupsmokingisincreasing.
Menasagroupsmokemorethanwomen.Amongbothmenandwomentheagegroupwiththehighestproportion(比例)ofsmokersistheagegroup24-44.
Income,education,andoccupationallplayapartindeterminingaperson’ssmokinghabits.Citypeoplesmokemorethanpeoplelivingonfarms.Well-educatedmenwithhighincomesarelesslikelytosmokecigarettesthanmenwithfeweryearsofschoolingandlowerincomes.Ontheotherhandifawell-educatedmanwithahighincomesmokesasall,heislikelytosmokemorepacksofcigarettesperday.
Thesituationissomewhatdifferentforwomen.Thereareslightlymoresmokersamongwomenwithhigherfamilyincomesandhighereducationthanamongthelowerincomeandlowereducationalgroups.Thesemorehighlyeducatedwomentendtosmokemoreheavily.
Amongteenagers(少年)thepicturesissimilar.Therearefewerteenagersmokersfromupper-income,well-educatedfamiliesandfewerfromfamilieslivinginfarmareas.Highschoolstudentswhoarepreparingforcollegearelesslikelytosmokethanthosewhodonotplantocontinuetheireducationafterhighschool.Childrenaremostlikelytostartsmoking,ifoneorbothoftheirparentssmoke.
1.Menusetobaccomainlyin________formsinthepast.
○A.one
○B.two
○C.three
○D.four
2.Thecigaretteindustrybegan________.
○A.onehundredyearsago
○B.attheturnofthecentury
○C.intheeighteenseventies
○D.intheeighteencentury
3.IntheUnitedStates_______smokecigarettes.
○A.aboutforty-threepercentofpeople
○B.aboutthirty-onepercentofpeople
○C.onlyoldpeople
○D.aboutforty-threepercentofthegrown–upmenandthirty-onepercentofthegrown–upwomen
4.Aman’ssmokinghabitispartlydeterminedby________.
○A.hisincome
○B.hiseducation
○C.hisoccupation
○D.alloftheabove
5.Children_________tostartsmoking,iftheirparentssmoke.
○A.aremostlikely
○B.arelesslikely
○C.hate
○D.donotwant
Passage2
Manyofusbelievethataperson’smindbecomeslessactiveashegrowsolder.Butthisisnottrue,accordingtoDr.Jarvik,professorofpsychiatry(精神病学)attheUniversityofCalifornia.Shehasstudiedthementalfunctioningofagingpersonsforseveralyears.Forexample,oneofherstudiesconcerns136pairsofidenticaltwins(孪生儿),whowerefirstexaminedwhentheywerealready60yearsold.AsDr.Jarvikcontinuedthestudyofthetwinsintotheir70sand80s,theirmindsdidnotgenerallydeclineaswasexpected.
However,therewassomedeclineintheirpsycho-motorspeed.Thismeansthatittookthemlongertoaccomplishmentaltasksthanitusedto.Butwhenspeedwasnotafactor,theylostverylittleintellectualabilityovertheyears.Ingeneral,Dr.Jarvik’sstudieshaveshownthatthereisnodeclineinknowledgeorreasoningability.Thisistruenotonlywiththoseintheir30sand40s,butwiththoseintheir60sand70saswell.
Itistrueolderpeoplethemselvesoftencomplainthattheirmemoryisnotasgoodasitoncewas.However,muchofwhatwecall“lossofmemory”isnotthatatall.Therewasusuallyincompletelearninginthefirstplace.Forexample,theolderpersonperhapshadtroublehearing,orpoorvision,orinattention,orwastryingtolearnthenewthingattoofastapace.Inthecaseswheretheolderperson’smindreallyseemstobecomelessactive,itisnotnecessarilyasignofbecominglessactiveduetooldage.Oftenitissimplyasignofadepressedemotional(压抑的感情)state.
6.AccordingtoDr.Jarvik’sstudies,middle-agedandolderpersonswouldexpectto__________.
○A.rememberless
○B.reasonbetter
○C.learnfewernewthings
○D.losenointellectualability
7.Mentaldecayduetoagingis_________.
○A.common
○B.muchmorecommonthanmostpeoplebelieve
○C.muchlesscommonthanmostpeoplebelieve
○D.trueofthoseoversixty
8.Along-termstudyof136pairsoftwinsshowedthat_________.
○A.theylostalittleabilitytoreasonovertheyears
○B.theyonlyfactorwhichdeclineovertheyearswastheirspeedwithwhichtoperformmentaltasks
○C.theirmemorywasnotasgoodasithadoncebeen
○D.theirmindsbecameabitmoreactiveastheygrewolder
9.Accordingtothepassage,allthefollowingareinstancesof“incompletelearning”except_________.
○A.poorhearing
○B.badeyesight
○C.lackofattention
○D.theattempttolearntoomanynewthings
10.Whatwecallmentaldecayisusuallyasignof_________.
○A.alow-spiritedstate
○B.aworseningstateofhealth
○C.oldage
○D.nervoustension
Passage3
Forhundredsofyears,diseasescausedbylackinnutrition(营养)wereknowntomen.Somecommonnutritionaldiseasesareberiberi(脚气),andscurvy(坏血病).Inthe18thcentury,JamesLind,aScottishdoctor,discoveredacureberiberi–wholerice.
ABritishscientistin1906showedthatcertainfoodscontainsubstancesimportanttothegrowthanddevelopmentofthebody.Intimethesesubstanceswerecalledvitamins,meaningessentialtolife.Todaythereare13knownvitamins.Thehumanbodyproducesonlythreeofthem.
Vitaminsregulate(调节)thewaythebodychangesfoodintoenergyandlivingtissues(组织).Eachvitaminshasadefiniteuseandthelackofonevitamincaninterferewiththefunctionofanother.Thecontinuedlackofonevitamincancauseavitaminlackdisease.
Thebestwayforahealthypersontogetvitaminsistoeatabalanceddiet.Eggs,milk,meat,vegetables,fruits,andwhole–grainarethemostcommonsourcesofthenecessaryvarietyoffoods.
Vitaminshelptospeedupcertainchemicalreactionsinthebody.Thesereactionsareessentialforhealth.Withoutvitamins,thesereactionswouldoccurveryslowlyornotatall.
Trulyvitaminshavebeencorrectlynamed–essentialtogoodhealthandlife.
11.Menhaveknowaboutnutritionaldiseases__________.
○A.alongtime
○B.in18thcentury
○C.recently
○D.in1906
12.Beriberiisatypeof_________.
○A.food
○B.vitamin
○C.fruit
○D.disease
13.Ittakesscientists_______toknowhowmanyvitaminsthereare.
○A.alongtime
○B.afewyears
○C.ashorttime
○D.anumberofexperiments
14.Humanbodyproduces__________kindsofvitamins.
○A.allkindsof
○B.five
○C.thirteen
○D.three
15.Eating_______isthebestwaytogetvitamins.
○A.fewthings
○B.vegetables
○C.fruits
○D.manykindsoffood
第二部分完成句子(25分)
根据短文内容完成句子,每个空格只能填一个单词。
有的单词第一个字母已经给出,请将其余字母补全。
Somepsychologists(心理学家)maintainthatmentalactssuchasthinkingarenotperformedinthebrainalone,butthatone’smusclesalsoparticipate(参加).Itmaybesaidthatwethinkwithourmusclesinsomewhatthesamewaythatwelistentomusicwithoutbodies.
Yousurelyarenotsurprisedtobetoldthattomusicnotonlywithyourearsbutwithyourwholebody.Fewpeoplecanlistentomusicthatismoreorlessfamiliarwithoutmovingtheirbodyormorespecifically(具体地),somepartoftheirbody.Oftenwhenonelistenstoaconcertontheradio,heistemptedtodirecttheorchestra(管弦乐队)eventhoughknowswheretodirecttheorchestraeventhoughheknowsthereisanableconductoronthejob.
Strangeasthisbehaviormaybe,thereisaverygoodreasonforit.Onecannotderiveallpossibleenjoymentformmusicunlessheparticipates,sotospeak,initsperformance.Thelistener“feels”himselfintothemusicwithmoreorlesspronouncedmotionsofhisbody.
Themusclesofthebodyactuallyparticipate(参加)inthementalprocessofthinkinginthesameway,butthisparticipationislessobviousbecauseitislesspronounced.
16.Somepsychologistsbelievethatthinkingisperformednotonlybyone’sbrainbutalsoone’s_________.
17.Theprocessofthinkingandthatoflisteningaresimilarinthatmuscles________inbothprocesses.
18._________peopleareabletolistentofamiliarmusicwithoutmovingsomepartoftheirbody.
19.Bodymovementarenecessaryinorderforthelistenerto________themusicfully.
20.Accordingtothepassage,muscleparticipationintheprocessofthinkingisnotreadilya_______.
第三部分阅读理解(80分)
Passage1
Mostofusleadunhealthylives:
wespendfartoomuchtimesittingdown.If,inaddition,wearecarelessaboutourdiets,ourbodiessoonbecomeflabby(不结实的)andsystemssluggish(缺乏活力的).Thentheguiltfeelingsstart:
“Imustgoonadiet”,“Imusttrytoloseweight”,“Imustgetmorefreshairandexerciser”,“Imuststopsmoking”,“Imusttrytokeepfit.”Therearesomeaspectsofourunhealthylivesthatwecannotavoid.Iamthinkingofsuchfeaturesofmodernurbanlifeaspollution,noise,rushedmealsandstress.Butkeepingfitisawaytominimise(减少到最低限度)theeffectsoftheseevils.
Theusualsuggestiontoapersonwhoislookingforawaytokeepfitistotake
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