赖世雄语法笔记.docx
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赖世雄语法笔记.docx
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赖世雄语法笔记
2012-2-1
1、clingonto:
紧紧抱住,死抱不放;clingto:
坚持,依恋,依靠
2、convince的用法
convincesb.todosomething/convincesb.ofsomething(参见赖世雄语法5-授予动词)/convincesb.that/convinceoneselfof
beconvinced(of)/beconvincedthat
3、tip(C):
小费atip/alargetip/abigtip/ageneroustip/a$5tip
忠告=apieceofadvice,afewoftips/handytips/gardeningtips
4、compare,contrast/compareandcontrast(比较与对照写法)
compare指把人与人或物与物之间的相同点或异同点进行“比较”、“对照”或“相比”,常与介词with连用,也可指将人与人或物与物之间的相似处进行“比拟”;还可指将某人或某事“比作”另一人或另一事物。
指后面两种情况时,它常被用作不及物动词,与介词to连用.
contrast指为了明确其相异之处,将一物与另一物加以“比较”或“对照”,用法和compare一样,常接介词with。
虽然很多人将compare看作是contrast的同义词,但compare常用来比较同类事物;而contrast则常被用来比较非同类事物。
2012-2-2
1、英语倍数表示法
(1)Xtimes+as…as…:
是...…的X倍/morethan+Xtimes+as…as…:
是...…的X倍不止;
(2)(morethan+)Xtimes+the(或所有格)+名词+(of):
是...…的X倍(不止);
(3)Xtimes+比较级+than:
是...…的X倍。
2、英语倍数增减表示法
(1)increase(speedup,stepup,raise,rise,goup,grow)/increase(speedup,stepup,raise,rise,goup,grow)+by+Xtimes:
是...…的X倍/增加了X-1倍;
(2)increase(exceed,speedup,stepup,raise,rise,goup,grow)+byafactorof+X:
是...…的X倍/增加了X-1倍;
(3)decrease(drop,fall,weaken,shorten,reduce,stepdown,speeddown,godown)+(by):
是...…的
/减少了
;
(4)decrease(drop,fall,weaken,shorten,reduce,stepdown,speeddown,godown)byafactorof+X:
是...…的
/减少了
。
2012-2-3赖世雄经典英语语法
1、(p3)不定式与动名词作主语时,往往会因为形式主语太长,用it作形式主语。
但动名词移至句尾时,通常改为不定式短语。
例:
Tostudyabroadismygreatestdesire.
=Itismygreatestdesiretostudyabroad.
Listeningmusicmakesmehappy.
=Itmakesmehappytolistentomusic.
例外:
Itisnouse+动名词短语
=Itisuseless+不定式短语
=Itisofnouse+动名词短语
=Thereisnouse/sence/point+in+动名词短语
2、(p9)名词性从句作介词的宾语
a.慧(whether),怡(疑问词)可以,但代(that)不可以。
Iamworriedaboutwhetherhecandoit.√
Iamcuriousabouthowhewillcopewiththisproblem.√
Iamsureofthattheteamhaswonthegame.×
b. 遇有介词,但非要使用that从句时,其补救方法如下
(1)介词+thefact+that从句
Iamsureofthefactthattheteamhaswonthegame.
Iamworriedaboutthefactthathedoesnotstudy.
(2)be+adj+that从句
Iamsurethattheteamhaswonthegame.
Iamworriedthathedoesnotstudy.
3、(p199)所有格与动名词的关系
a.that从句作主语时,可改为动名词
Thatheteacheswellissomethingthatpleasesme.
Histeachingwellissomethingthatpleaesme.
b.在介词及某些动词后不可以用that从句,此时可改为:
所有格+动名词
(1)遇介词的情况
Iamworriedaboutthathedoesnotstudy.×
Iamworriedabouthisnotstuding.√
Inspiteofthatthesunshone,theairwasverycold.×
Inspiteofthesun’sshining,theairwasverycold.√
Iinsistonthatheshouldgothere.×
Iinsistonhisgoingthere.√
备注:
that从句主语是物而非人时,一般不用所有格,直接将主语作宾语即可。
Inspiteofthesun’sshining,theairwasverycold.
Inspiteofthesunshining,theairwasverycold.√
口语中,that从句的主语即使是人,宜采用本结构。
Iinsistonhisgoingthere.(正式)
Iinsistonhimgoingthere.(非正式)
(2)遇某些及物动词的情况
that引导的名词性从句可作表认知的及物动词(think,feel,find,believe…)以及表
意愿的及物动词(hope,wish,expect,desire…)的宾语。
Ibelievethatheworkshard.
Ihopethathemayjointus.
但表喜欢、厌恶之类的及物动词,如like,dislike,enjoy,mind等就不可接that引
导的从句作宾语,应改为所有格+动名词。
Idon’tlikethathesmokeshere.×
Idon’tlikehissmokinghere.√
Idon’tenjoythatJohnjoinsus.×
Idon’tenjoyJohn’sjoiningus.√
备注:
mind可接if引导的从句
WouldyoumindthatIopenthewindow?
×
Wouldyoumindmyopeningthewindow?
√
WouldyoumindthatifIopenedthewindow?
√(虚拟语气表客气)
4.(p42)不完全及物动词
a.认定动词
(1)Weregard/lookupon/thinkof/see/viewhimasagenius.
(2)Wemistookthelong-hairedboyforagirl.
(3)Weconsider/deem/thinkhimtobeagenius.备注1:
tobe可省略。
备注2:
(1),
(2)里面的as与for后面亦可接形容词作宾语
Iregardhisbehaviorasinappropriate.
Johnworkshard,soItakeitforgrantedthathe’llbesuccessfulsomeday.
(4)think,believe,find,deem,consider等五个动词作不完全及物动词时,不得直接用不定式与that引导的名词性从句作宾语,一定要用形式宾语it取代。
Ithinktoclimbmountainsfun.×
Ithinkitfuntoclimbmountains.√
Ifindthathesingssowellwonderful.×
Ifinditwonderfulthathesingssowell.√
b.使役动词之make,have,get
make/have+宾语+原形动词(过去分词表被动)(作补语)
get+宾语+不定式(作补语)
make可用于被动语态,have、get则不可以。
Hewasgottowashthecar.×
Hewashadtowashthecar.×
Hewasmadetowashthecar.√
c.make的用法(对应于宾语补语的倒装,见刘毅语法宝典p666)
如果宾语是不定式,动名词,或由that和whether所引导的名词性从句,又有宾语补语时,应用it代替这类长宾语。
Hemadetogetupearlyarule.×
Hemadeitaruletogetupearly.√
IhadmadewhetherIamtogoornotclear.×
IhadmadeitclearwhetherIamtogoornot.√
备注:
长宾语时亦要倒装
Hemadehismeaningclear.√
Hemadehisstrongobjectiontotheproposalsclear.×
Hemadeclearhisstrongobjectiontotheproposals.√
5.(p46)(刘毅P323)授予动词,间接宾语与直接宾语颠倒时,就需要另加介词to,for或of
a.to表示给予(give,lend,bring,show,tell,write,send,hand,teach,offer,sell,promise,pass等)
Hegavemeawatch.
=Hegaveawatchtome.
b.for表示代劳(buy,make,leave,do,choose,order,sing等)
Onemustdosomeoneagooddeedeveryday.
=Onemustdoagooddeedorsomeoneeveryday.
c.of表示从……之中的概念(ask,expect,require,demand等)
Heasksmeaquestion.
=Heasksaquestionofme.(of=from)
d.有些需要介词at,against,on(throw,bear,play等)
Thenaughtyboythrewastoneatthebird.
Thethiefbearsagrudgeagainstthepoliceman.
备注
(1)有些双宾语动词只适用于无介词情形,如answer,envy,forgive等。
Ialwaysenvyyouyourgoodforturn.
Pleaseforgivememyfault.
备注
(2)间宾为名词,直宾为代词时,应先提直宾。
Igiveyoursisterthem.×
Igivethemtoyoursister.√
备注(3)间宾,直宾均为人称代词时,先提直宾较为普遍。
Igiveyouthem.√
Igivethemtoyou.√(较为普遍)
备注(4)间宾为人称代词,直宾为it时,先提哪一个均可,且to可省。
Givemeit.√
Giveittome.√美式英语
Giveitme.√英式英语
备注(5)有些动词之后的间接宾语与直接宾语之间要用介词(此种句型实属于S+V+O+修饰语,即第三大类句型)
[第一类句型:
S+V
第二类句型:
S+V+SC/P
第三类句型:
S+V+O
第四类句型:
S+V+O+OC
第五类句型:
S+V+IO+DO
第四类句型与第五类句型的区别:
Shewillmakehimagoodhusband.第四类句型
Shewillmakehimanewsuit.第五类句型]
间接宾语与直接宾语之间要用介词的动词:
①介词of的动词rob,deprive,warn,ridrelive等(convince,persuade,suspect等也可归为此类)
Herobedmymoney.×
Herobbedmeofmymoney.√
Thecaptainrelievedtheplatoonleaderofhiscommand.√
Icannotridmyselfofthepainfulmemory.
=Icannotgetridofthepainfulmemory.
②介词for的动词(forgive,punish,blame,reward,praise,excuse等)
Heblamedmeformyidleness.
Pleaseexcusemeforbeinglate.
③介词from的动词(prevent,discourage,save,free,deliver等)
Hefreedmefromdebt.
Hedeliveredmefromtheenemy.
④介词with的动词(provide,help,favor,oblige施惠,supply,present等)
MissSharpwillfavoruswithasong.
⑤介词into的动词(talk,persuade,argue,bribe等)
Webribedhimintosecrecy.
6.五大类动词之外还有同源动词与反身动词
五大类动词,对应五大类句型,它们分别是:
第一类动词:
完全不及物动词;
第二类动词:
不完全不及物动词;
第三类动词:
完全及物动词;
第四粒动词:
不完全不及物动词;
第五类动词:
授予动词。
a.同源动词(Cognateverb)
Helaughedaheartylaugh.
Theoldladysighedadeepsigh.
Hehadfoughtanhonorablefight.
Hehadfoughtanhonorablebattle.
b.反身动词(reflexiveverb),就是及物动词的动作,反向行为者的本身,一般及物动词加上反身宾语都可以有这种结构。
Toknowoneselfisdifficult.
Warmyourselfbythefire.
但有一些只能用于反身结构的动词,常用的有:
介词to的:
abandononeselfto,addictoneselfto,devoteoneselfto(devoteto)等;
介词of的:
availoneselfof,ridoneselfof,deliveroneselfof,bethinkoneselfof等;
介词with的:
burdenoneselfof,occupyoneselfof,busyoneselfwith(about/in/at),familiaroneselfwith,amuseoneselfwith(by);
介词on/down的:
throwoneselfdown,prideoneselfon,revengeoneselfon,seatoneself(on/in);
介词in的:
loseoneselfin,clotheoneselfin,dressoneselfin,engageoneselfin;
其他介词的:
presentoneselfat/for,absentoneselffrom,distinguishedoneselfby.
备注1:
one+v.+oneself…=one+be+p.p./adj.…
dressoneselfin=bedressedin
devoteoneselfto=bedevotedto
absentoneselffrom=beabsentfrom
特殊:
distinguishedoneselfby=bedistinguishedfor
prideoneselfon=beproudof
备注2:
上述及物动词的宾语如果和主语不同,则用其他名(代)词为宾语
Hisparentsclothedhiminbeautifulgarments.
Heamusedthechildrenwithastory.
7.(p59)感叹句:
how之后可置带有形容词修饰的单数可数名词,但绝不可置复数名词或不可数名词。
句型如下:
How+adj.+a(an)+单数名词+主语+动词
Howagreatmanheis!
×
Howgreatamanheis!
√
Whatagreatmanheis!
√
备注1:
what可与单数,复数或不可数名词连用。
Howgreatmentheyare!
×
Whatgreatmentheyare!
√
Howgoodmusicitis!
×
Whatgoodmusicitis!
√
备注2:
但how之后可接有many,much,little,few等数量形容词修饰的复数或不可数名词。
Whatmanystudentsthereareintheclassroom!
×
Howmanystudentsthereareintheclassroom!
√
Whatfewfriendshehas!
×
Howfewfriendshehas!
√
Whatmuchmoneyhehasmade!
×
Howmuchmoneyhehasmade!
√
Whatlittletimeisleft!
×
Howlittletimeisleft!
√
8.同7见p131“书呆子”,“阿西”和“土土”一起说声“好”,四个短语之中只能接单数名词,除非与数量形容词连用。
so…that…
as…as…
too…to…
how…
HeissoagoodstudentthatIlikehim.×
HeissogoodastudentthatIlikehim.√
HeisasahandsomemanasPeteris.×
HeisashandsomeamanasPeteris.√
Heistooanoldmantodoit.×
Heistoooldamantodoit.√
Howagreatmanheis!
×
Howgreatamanheis!
√
备注1:
such…that…可置任何名词
ThisissuchgoodmusicthatIlikeit.√
TheyaresuchgoodstudentsthatIlikethem.√
HeissuchagoodstudentthatIlikehim.√
备注2:
数量形容词修饰的情形
Hehassomanythingstodothathecannotgopicnickingwithus.√
Hehastoolittlemoneylefttobuyacar.√
Ihaveasmuchmoneyashedoes.√
Idon’tknowhowmuchtimeyoucangivemeforthatjob.√
9.a.(p77)aswellas,ratherthan作并列连词
HeaswellasIisinterestedinmusic.
=HenolessthanIisinterestedinmusic.
=Hetogetherwithmeisinterestedinmusic.
=Healongwithmeisinterestedinmusic.
HeratherthanIisinterestedinmusic.
=Heinsteadofmeisinterestedinmusic.
=He,notI,isinterestedinmusic.
b.both…and…/neither…nor…/not…not…/notonly…butalso…
前三组连接词通常不用来连接句子,notonly…butalso…可用来连接句子,但需要倒装。
BothheisgoodatEnglish,andheisgoodatmath.×
HeisgoodatbothEnglishandmath.√
Neitheryoucantalkhere,noryoucaneathere.×
Youcanneithertalknoreathere.√
Eitheryoushouldlistentome,oryoushouldgetoutofmysight.(可以)
Youshouldeitherl
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