Easter.docx
- 文档编号:28963166
- 上传时间:2023-07-20
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:30
- 大小:229.01KB
Easter.docx
《Easter.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Easter.docx(30页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
Easter
Easter
Easter
16thcenturyRussianOrthodoxiconoftheDescentintoHadesofJesusChrist,whichistheusualOrthodoxiconforPascha.
Observedby
MostChristians
Type
Christian
Significance
CelebratestheresurrectionofJesus
Date
FirstSundayafterthefirstfullmoononorafterMarch21
2008date
March23(Western)
April27(Eastern)
2009date
April12(Western)
April19(Eastern)
Celebrations
Religious(church)services,festivefamilymeals,Easteregghunts,andgift-giving(lattertwo,especiallyinUSAandCanada)
Observances
Prayer,all-nightvigil(almostexclusivelyEasterntraditions),sunriseservice(especiallyAmericanProtestanttraditions)
Relatedto
Passover,ofwhichitisregardedtheChristianequivalent;Septuagesima,Sexagesima,Quinquagesima,ShroveTuesday,AshWednesday,Lent,PalmSunday,MaundyThursday,GoodFriday,andHolySaturdaywhichleaduptoEaster;andAscension,Pentecost,TrinitySunday,andCorpusChristiwhichfollowit.
Easter(Greek:
Πάσχα,PaschaorPasxa)isthemostimportantreligiousfeastintheChristianliturgicalyear.[1]ChristiansbelievethatJesuswasresurrectedfromthedeadtwodays[2]afterhiscrucifixion,andcelebratethisresurrectiononEasterDay,[3]orEasterSunday,twodaysafterGoodFriday.Theyearofhisdeathandresurrectionisvariouslyestimatedbetweentheyears26and36AD(seealsoChronologyofJesus).
EasteralsoreferstotheseasonofthechurchyearcalledEastertideortheEasterSeason.TraditionallytheEasterSeasonlastedforthefortydaysfromEasterDayuntilAscensionDaybutnowofficiallylastsforthefiftydaysuntilPentecost.ThefirstweekoftheEasterSeasonisknownasEasterWeekortheOctaveofEaster.EasteralsomarkstheendofLent,aseasonofprayerandpenance.
Easteristermedamoveablefeastbecauseitisnotfixedinrelationtothecivilcalendar.EasterfallsatsomepointbetweenlateMarchandlateAprileachyear(earlyApriltoearlyMayinEasternChristianity),followingthecycleofthemoon.Afterseveralcenturiesofdisagreement,allchurchesacceptedthecomputationoftheAlexandrianChurch(nowtheCopticChurch)thatEasteristhefirstSundayafterthePaschalFullMoon,whichisthefirstmoonwhose14thday(theecclesiastic"fullmoon")isonorafterMarch21(theecclesiastic"vernalequinox").
EasterislinkedtotheJewishPassovernotonlyformuchofitssymbolismbutalsoforitspositioninthecalendar.TheLastSuppersharedbyJesusandhisdisciplesbeforehiscrucifixionisgenerallythoughtofasaPassovermeal,basedonthechronologyintheGospels.[4]Some,however,interpreting"Passover"inJohn19:
14asasinglemealandnotaneight-dayfestival,[5]interprettheGospelofJohnasdifferingfromtheSynopticGospelsbyplacingChrist'sdeathatthetimeoftheslaughterofthePassoverlamb,whichwouldputtheLastSupperslightlybeforePassover,onNisan14oftheBible'sHebrewcalendar.[6]
Manynon-sectarianculturalelements,suchastheEasterBunny,havebecomepartoftheholiday'smoderncelebrations,andthoseaspectsareoftencelebratedbymanyChristiansandnon-Christiansalike.
Etymology
Anglo-Saxon
"Eástre"byJacquesReich(1909).
ThemodernEnglishtermEasterdevelopedfromtheOldEnglishwordĒastreorĒostre,whichitselfdevelopedpriorto899.ThenamereferstotheEostur-monath,amonthoftheGermaniccalendarwhichmayhavebeennamedforthegoddessĒostreinAnglo-Saxonpaganism,attestedbyBede.[7]BededescribesthepaganworshipofĒostreamongtheAnglo-Saxonsashavingdiedoutbeforethetimehewaswriting.In1835,JacobGrimmproposedanequivalentOldHighGermanname,*Ostara,inhisworkDeutscheMythologie.Anamountofscholarlytheoryandspeculationsurroundsthefigure.
Semitic,Romance,andCelticlanguages
ChristiansspeakingSemiticlanguages(primarilyArabic)generallyusenamescognatetoHebrewPesach(פֶּסַח).Forinstance,thesecondwordoftheArabicnameofthefestivalعيدالفصحʿĪdal-FiṣḥhastherootF-Ṣ-Ḥ,whichgiventhesoundlawsapplicabletoArabiciscognatetoHebrewP-S-Ḥ,with"Ḥ"realizedas/x/inModernHebrewand/ħ/inArabic.(TheArabicinthisregardismoresimilartotheBiblicalHebrewthantheModernHebrewpronunciationis).ArabicalsousesthetermعيدالقيامةʿĪdal-Qiyāmah,meaning"festivaloftheresurrection,"butthistermislesscommon.InMaltesethewordisL-Għid.InGe'ezandthemodernEthiosemiticlanguagesofEthiopiaandEritrea,twoformsexist:
ፋሲካ("Fasika,"fāsīkā)fromGreekPascha,andትንሣኤ("Tensae,"tinśā'ē),thelatterfromtheSemiticrootN-Ś-',meaning"torise"(cf.Arabicnasha'a-śmergedwith"sh"inArabicandmostnon-SouthSemiticlanguages).
InallRomancelanguagesthenameoftheEasterfestivalisderivedfromtheLatinname,Pascha,introducedviatheGreekΠάσχαwhichisitselfderivedfromPesach,theHebrewfestivalofPassover.InSpanish,EasterislaPascua.
InallmodernCelticlanguagesthetermforEasterisderivedfromLatin.InBrythoniclanguagesthishasyieldedWelshPasg,CornishandBretonPask.InGoideliclanguagesthewordwasborrowedbeforetheselanguageshadre-developedthe/p/soundandasaresulttheinitial/p/wasreplacedwith/k/.ThisyieldedIrishCáisc,GaelicCàisgandManxCaisht.ThesetermsarenormallyusedwiththedefinitearticleinGoideliclanguages,causinglenitioninallcases:
AnCháisc,A'ChàisgandYChaisht.
Slaviclanguages
InmostSlaviclanguages,thenameforEastereithermeans"GreatDay"or"GreatNight".Forexample,WielkanocandVelikonocemean"GreatNight"or"GreatNights"inPolishandCzech,respectively.Великдень(Velykden),Великден(Velikden),andВялікдзень(Vyalikdzyen')mean"TheGreatDay"inUkrainian,Bulgarian,andBelarusian,respectively.
InCroatianandSerbian,however,theday'snamereflectsaparticulartheologicalconnection:
itiscalledUskrs,meaning"Resurrection".InCroatianitisalsocalledVazam(VzemorVuzeminOldCroatian),whichisanounthatoriginatedfromtheOldChurchSlavonicverbvzeti(nowuzetiinCroatian,meaning"totake").ItalsoexplainsthefactthatinSerbianEasteriscalledVaskrs,aliturgicalforminheritedfromtheSerbianrecensionofChurchSlavonic.ThearchaictermVeljanoć(velmi:
OldSlavicfor"great";noć:
"night")wasusedinCroatianwhilethetermVelikden("GreatDay")wasusedinSerbian.ItisbelievedthatCyrilandMethodius,the"holybrothers"whobaptizedtheSlavicpeopleandtranslatedChristianbooksfromLatinintoOldChurchSlavonic,inventedthewordUskrsfromthewordkrsnutior"enliven".[citationneeded]
AnotherexceptionisRussian,inwhichthenameofthefeast,Пасха(Paskha),isaborrowingoftheGreekformviaOldChurchSlavonic.[8]
[edit]Finno-Ugriclanguages
InFinnishthenameforEasterpääsiäinen,tracesbacktotheSwedishpaask,asdoestheSámiwordBeassážat.TheHungariannamehowever,húsvét,literallymeansthetakingofthemeat,relatingtotheendoftheGreatLentfastingperiod.InEstonianitiscalledLihavõtted.
EasterintheearlyChurch
ReenactingtheStationsoftheCrossinJerusalemontheViaDolorosafromtheLions'GatetotheChurchoftheHolySepulchre.
ThefirstChristians,JewishChristiansandGentileChristians,werecertainlyawareoftheHebrewcalendar(Acts2:
1;12:
3;20:
6;27:
9;1Cor16:
7),butthereisnodirectevidencethattheycelebratedanyspecificallyChristianannualfestivals.TheobservancebyChristiansofnon-JewishannualfestivalsisbelievedbysometobeaninnovationpostdatingtheEarlyChurch.TheecclesiasticalhistorianSocratesScholasticus(b.380)attributestheobservanceofEasterbythechurchtotheperpetuationofitscustom,"justasmanyothercustomshavebeenestablished,"statingthatneitherJesusnorhisApostlesenjoinedthekeepingofthisoranyotherfestival.However,whenreadincontext,thisisnotarejectionordenigrationofthecelebration—which,givenitscurrencyinScholasticus'timewouldbesurprising—butismerelypartofadefenseofthediversemethodsforcomputingitsdate.Indeed,althoughhedescribesthedetailsoftheEastercelebrationasderivingfromlocalcustom,heinsiststhefeastitselfisuniversallyobserved.[9]
PerhapstheearliestextantprimarysourcereferencingEasterisamid-2ndcenturyPaschalhomilyattributedtoMelitoofSardis,whichcharacterizesthecelebrationasawell-establishedone.[10]EvidenceforanotherkindofannualChristianfestival,thecommemorationofmartyrs,beginstoappearataboutthesametimeasevidenceforthecelebrationofEaster.[11]Butwhilemartyrs'"birthdays"werecelebratedonfixeddatesinthelocalsolarcalendar,thedateofEasterwasfixedbymeansofthelocalJewishlunisolarcalendar.ThisisconsistentwiththecelebrationofEasterhavingenteredChristianityduringitsearliest,Jewishperiod,butdoesnotleavethequestionfreeofdoubt.
Second-centurycontroversy
Bythelatersecondcentury,itwasacceptedthatthecelebrationofEasterwasapracticeofthedisciplesandanundisputedtradition.AdisputearoseconcerningthedateonwhichPascha(Easter)shouldbecelebrated.ThisdisputecametobeknownastheQuartodecimancontroversy,anditwasthefirstofseveralPaschal/Eastercontroversies.
ThetermQuartodeciman(derivedfromtheVulgateLatin,quartadecima[12],meaningfourteen,seealsoWiktionary:
Quartodeciman)referstoanearlyChristianpracticeofcelebratingEasteronNisan14oftheHebrewCalendar.[13][14]Nisan14isthePassoverproperorthe"LORD'Spassover"(Lev23:
5),thedayofpreparationfortheJewishcelebrationoftheFeastofUnleavenedBread(Lev23:
6),itselfcommonly,ifso
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- Easter