英语语言学概论.docx
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英语语言学概论.docx
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英语语言学概论
Chapter1
Language语言
1.
Designfeature
(识别特征)referstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromany
animalsystemofcommunication.
2.
Productivity
(能产性)referstotheabilitythatpeoplehaveinmakingandcomprehendingindefinitelylarge
quantitiesofsentencesintheirnativelanguage.
3.
arbitrariness
(任意性)
Arbitrariness
refersto
thephenomenon
thatthere
isnomotivatedrelationship
betweenalinguisticformanditsmeaning.
4.
symbol(符号)Symbolreferstosomethingsuchasanobject,word,orsoundthatrepresentssomething
elsebyassociationorconvention.
5.
discreteness
(离散性)
Discreteness
refers
tothephenomenon
thatthe
soundsinalanguageare
meaningfullydistinct.
6.
displacement
(不受时空限制的特性
)
Displacementreferstothefactthathumanlanguagecanbeusedto
talkaboutthingsthatarenotintheimmediatesituationsofitsusers.
7.
dualityofstructure
(结构二重性)
Theorganizationoflanguageintotwolevels,oneofsounds,theotherof
meaning,isknownasdualityofstructure.
8.
culturetransmission
(文化传播)
Culturetransmissionreferstothefactthatlanguageispassedonfrom
onegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinheritance.
9.
interchangeability
(互换性)Interchangeabilitymeansthatanyhumanbeingcanbebothaproduceranda
receiverofmessages.
1.★Whatislanguage?
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Thisdefinitionhascapturedthemainfeaturesoflanguage.
First,languageisasystem.
Second,languageisarbitraryinthesense.
Thethirdfeatureoflanguageissymbolicnature.
2.★Whatarethedesignfeaturesoflanguage?
Languagehassevendesignfeaturesasfollowing:
1)Productivity.
2)Discreteness.
3)Displacement
4)Arbitrariness.
5)Culturaltransmission
6)Dualityofstructure.
7)Interchangeability.
3.Whydowesaylanguageisasystem?
Becauseelementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules,andeverylanguagecontainsasetofrules.
Bysystem,therecurringpatternsorarrangementsortheparticularwaysordesignsinwhichalanguageoperates.Andthesounds,thewordsandthesentencesareusedinfixedpatternsthatspeakerofalanguagecanunderstandeachother.
4.★(Functionoflanguage.)
According
toHalliday,what
arethe
initialfunctions
ofchildren’s
language?
Andwhatarethethreefunctionalcomponentsofadultlanguage?
I.Hallidayusesthefollowingtermstorefertotheinitialfunctionsof
children
s’language:
1)
Instrumentalfunction.
工具功能
2)
Regulatoryfunction.
调节功能
3)
Representationalfunction.
表现功能
4)
Interactionalfunction.
互动功能
5)
Personalfunction.
自指性功能
6)Heuristicfunction.启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h]
7)Imaginativefunction.想象功能
II.Adultlanguagehasthreefunctionalcomponentsasfollowing:
1)Interpersonalcomponents.人际
2)Ideationalcomponents.概念
3)Textualcomponents.语篇
1
Chapter2
Linguistics
语言学
1.
generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics
(普通语言学与描写语言学)Theformerdealswithlanguage
ingeneralwhereasthelatterisconcernedwithoneparticularlanguage.
2.
synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics
and
(共时语言学与历时语言学
)Diachroniclinguisticstraces
thehistoricaldevelopment
of
thelanguage
recordsthechanges
that
have
taken
place
in
it
between
successive
pointsintime.
Andsynchronic
linguistics
presents
anaccount
of
languageas
it
is
at
some
particularpointintime.
3.
theoretical
linguistics
and
applied
linguistics
(理论语言学与应用语言学
)The
former
copes
with
languages
withaview
to
establishing
a
theory
of
their
structures
and
functionswhereas
the
latteris
concernedwiththeapplicationoftheconceptsandfindingsoflinguisticstoallsortsofpracticaltasks.
4.
microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics
(微观语言学与宏观语言学
)Theformerstudiesonlythestructureof
languagesystemwhereasthelatterdealswitheverythingthatisrelatedtolanguages.
5.langueandparole(语言与言语)Theformerreferstotheabstractlinguisticssystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhereasthelatterreferstotheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituation
byanindividualspeaker.
6.competenceandperformance(语言能力与语言运用)Theformerisone’sknowledgeofallthelinguisticregulationsystemswhereasthelatteristheuseoflanguageinconcretesituation.
7.speechandwriting(口头语与书面语)Speechisthespokenformoflanguagewhereaswritingiswrittencodes,giveslanguagenewscope.
8.
linguistics
behavior
potentialandactual
linguistic
behavior(语言行为潜势与实际语言行为
)People
actuallysaysonacertainoccasiontoacertainpersonisactuallinguisticsbehavior.Andeachofpossible
linguisticitemsthathecouldhavesaidislinguisticbehaviorpotential.
9.
syntagmatic
relation
andparadigmatic
relation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系
)
Theformerdescribesthe
horizontaldimensionofalanguagewhilethelatterdescribestheverticaldimensionofalanguage.
10.
verbalcommunicationandnon-verbalcommunication
(言语交际与非言语交际
)Usualuseoflanguageas
ameansoftransmittinginformationiscalledverbalcommunication.Thewaysweconveymeaningwithout
usinglanguageiscallednon-verbalcommunication.
1.
★HowdoesJohnLyonsclassifylinguistics
?
AccordingtoJohnLyons,thefieldoflinguisticsasawholecanbedividedintoseveralsubfieldsasfollowing:
1)Generallinguisticsanddescriptivelinguistics.
2)Synchroniclinguisticsanddiachroniclinguistics.
3)Theoreticallinguisticsandappliedlinguistics.
4)Microlinguisticsandmacrolinguistics.
2.Explainthethreeprinciplesbywhichthelinguistisguided:
consistency,adequacyandsimplicity.
1)Consistencymeansthatthereshouldbenocontradictionsbetweendifferentpartsofthetheoryandthedescription.
2)Adequacymeansthatthetheorymustbebroadenoughinscopetooffersignificantgeneralizations.
3)Simplicityrequiresustobeasbriefandeconomicaspossible.
3.★Whatarethesub-branchesoflinguisticswithinthelanguagesystem
?
Withinthelanguagesystemtherearesixsub-branchesasfollowing:
1)
Phonetics.
语音学isastudyofspeechsoundsofallhumanlanguages.
2)
Phonology.
音位学studiesaboutthesoundsandsoundpatternsofaspeaker
’snativelanguage.
3)
Morphology.
形态学studiesabouthowawordisformed.
4)
Syntax.句法学studiesaboutwhetherasentenceisgrammaticalornot.
5)
Semantics.
语义学studiesaboutthemeaningoflanguage,includingmeaningofwordsandmeaningof
sentences.
6)
Pragmatics.
语用学
★Thescopeoflanguage:
Linguisticsisreferredtoasascientificstudyoflanguage.
★Thescientificprocessoflinguisticstudy:
Itinvolvesfourstages:
collectingdata,formingahypothesis,
testingthehypothesisanddrawingconclusions.
2
3
Chapter3
Phonetics
语音学
1.
articulatory
phonetics
(发音语音学
)
Thestudyof
how
speech
organs
produce
the
sounds
iscalled
articulatoryphonetics.
2.
acoustic
phonetics(声学语音学)The
studyofthe
physicalpropertiesand
ofthe
transmissionofspeech
soundsiscalledacousticphonetics.
3.
auditoryphonetics
(听觉语音学)Thestudyofthewayhearersperceivespeechsoundsiscalledauditory
phonetics.
4.
consonant
(辅音)Consonantisaspeechsoundwheretheairformthelanguageiseithercompletelyblocked,
orpartiallyblocked,orwheretheopeningbetweenthespeechorgansissonarrowthattheairescapeswith
audiblefriction.
5.
vowel(元音)isdefinedasaspeechsoundinwhichtheairfromthelungsisnotblockedinanywayandis
pronouncedwithvocal-cordvibration.
6.
bilabials
(双唇音)Bilabialsmeansthatconsonantsforwhichtheflowofairisstoppedorrestrictedbythetwo
lips.[p][b][m][w]
7.
affricates
(塞擦音)Thesoundproducedbystoppingtheairstreamandthenimmediatelyreleasingitslowlyis
calledaffricates.[t
X][dY][tr][dr]
8.
glottis
(声门)Glottisisthespacebetweenthevocalcords.
9.
roundedvowel
(圆唇元音)Roundedvowelisdefinedasthevowelsoundpronouncedbythelipsforminga
circularopening.[u:
][u][
OB][O]
10.
diphthongs
(双元音)
Diphthongs
are
produced
by
movingfrom
onevowel
positionto
another
through
interveningpositions.[ei][ai][Oi][Qu][au]
11.
triphthongs
(三合元音)Triphthongsarethose
whichareproduced
bymoving
fromone
vowelpositionto
anotherandthenrapidlyandcontinuouslytoathirdone.[ei
Q][aiQ][OiQ][QuQ][auQ]
12.
laxvowels
(松元音)Accordingtodistinctionoflongandshortvowels,vowelsareclassifiedtensevowelsand
laxvowels.Allthelongvowelsaretensevowelsbutoftheshortvowels,[e]isatensevowelaswell,andthe
restshortvowelsarelaxvowels.
1.★Howareconsonantsclassifiedintermsofdifferentcriteria?
TheconsonantsinEnglishcanbedescribedintermsoffourdimensions.
1)Thepositionofthesoftpalate.
2)Thepresen
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