自考英语词汇学笔记.docx
- 文档编号:29675058
- 上传时间:2023-07-26
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:28
- 大小:41.74KB
自考英语词汇学笔记.docx
《自考英语词汇学笔记.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《自考英语词汇学笔记.docx(28页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
自考英语词汇学笔记
Chapter1BasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为:
词和词汇的定义和区别,考生应该弄清楚声音与意义,声音与拼写之间的关系,掌握词汇划分的基本原则及各类词的主要特点。
在历年考试中:
常常以选择题和名词解释的形式对本章知识点进行考核。
二、【知识串讲】重点知识锦集:
1.Accordingtosemanticists(意义学家),awordisaunitofmeaning.2.Thissymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitrary,andthereis‘nologicalrelationshipsbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself’.3.Wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency.4.Wordsmayfallintocontentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion.5.Wordsmayfallintonativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin.6.Thebasicwordstockisthefoundationofthevocabularyaccumulatedovercenturiesandformsthecommoncoreofthelanguage.7.‘allnationalcharacter’(全民性)themostimportantofallfeaturesthatmaydifferentiateiswordsofcommonusefromallothers.8.Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsandthusareknownasnotionalwords.Theyincludenouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.9.Functionalwordsdonothavenotionsoftheirown.Therefore,theyarealsocalledemptywords.9.TheEnglishlanguageisnotedfortheremarkablecomplexityandheterogeneityofitsvocabularybecauseofitsextensiveborrowings.10.Accordingtothedegreeofassimilationandmannerofborrowing,wecanbringtheloan-wordsunderfourclasses:
Denizens,Aliens,Translation-loans,Semantic-loans.11.Thedifferencesbetweensoundandformareduetoinnovationsmadebylinguists.12.Ofallthefivecharacteristicslistedforthebasicwordstock,themostimportantisallnationalcharacter.(全民性)13.Contentwordsarechangingallthetimewhereasfunctionalwordsarestable.14.InOldEnglishtherewasmoreagreementbetweensoundandform.15.Awordisasymbolthatrepresentssomethingelseintheworld.16.Somewordsinthebasicwordsstockaresaidtobestablebecausetheyrefertothecommonestthingsinlife.17.Indifferentlanguage,thesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsoundsandthesamesoundcanshowdifferentmeanings.18.TheinternalreasonforthedifferencebetweensoundandformisthefactofmorephonemesthanlettersinEnglish.19.Nativewordsareneutralinstyleandfrequentinuse.20.Theexpressionof“longtimenosee”istranslation-loanamongthefourclassesofborrowings.名词解释:
1.word(词):
AwordisaminimalfreeformofaLanguagethathasagivensoundandmeaning
andsyntacticfunction.2.vocabulary(词汇)Theterm‘vocabulary’usedindifferentsenses.Notonlycanitrefer:
istothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Wealsouseittorefertoallthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisiciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.3.Jargon(专门术语)Itreferstothespecializedvocabulariesbywhichmembersofparticular:
arts,sciences,trades,andprofessions,communicateamongthemselves.4.Archaisms(古语词):
Archaismsarewordsorformsthatwereonceincommonusebutarenowrestrictedonlytospecializedorlimiteduse.5.Neologisms(新词语):
Neologismsarenewlycreatedwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.6.borrowedwords(外来词):
Wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknownasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.7.Deizens同化词)Deizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowareallassimilated(:
intotheEnglishLanguage.8.Aliens(非同化词):
Aliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognisableasforeigninorigin.9.Translation-loans(译借词):
Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedfromtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodelledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage.10.Semantic-loans(借义词):
Wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform.Buttheirmeaningsareborrowed.Inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage11.argot(黑话):
Itgenerallyreferstothejargonofcriminals.12.contentwords(实词):
Contentwordsdenoteclearnotionsincludingnouns,verbs,adjectives,adverbsandnumerals.13.terminology(术语):
Terminologyconsistsoftechnicaltermsusedinparticulardisciplinesandacademicareas.14.nativewords(本族语):
Nativewords,alsoknownasAnglo-Saxonwords,arewordsbroughttoBritaininthe5thcenturybytheGermantribes.论述问答题:
1.WiththedevelopmentoftheLanguage,whydomoreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweentheSoundandForm?
答:
ItisgenerallyagreedthatthewrittenformofanaturalLanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.ButwiththedevelopmentoftheLanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthem,thereasonsareasfollows:
①.TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundintheLanguagesothatsomelettersmustdodoubledutyorworktogetherincombination.②.Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.③.Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.④.Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.WhenEnglishborrowedwordsfromotherLanguages,itborrowedspellingaswell.
2.Whataretheobviouscharacteristicsofthewordsofthebasicwordstock(基本词汇)?
①.Allnationalcharacter.(全民性)②.Stability(稳定性)③.Productivity(多产性)④.Polysemy(多义性)⑤.Collocability(搭配性)Ofcourse,notallthewordsofthebasicwordstockhavethesecharacteristics.Pronounsandnumeralsenjoynation-wideuseandstability,butaresemanticallymonosemousandhavelimitedproductivityandcollocability.Therefore,‘allnationalcharacter’isthemostimportantofallfeaturesthatmaydifferentiatewordsofcommonusefromallothers.3.Apartfromthecharacteristicsmentionedofthebasicwordstock,incontrasttoborrowedwords,nativewordshavetwootherfeatures,whatarethey?
答:
①.Neutralinstyle(文体上中性).Sincenativewordsdenotethecommonestthingsinhumansociety,theyareusedbyallpeople,inallplaces,onalloccasions,andatalltimes.Therefore,theyarenotstylisticallyspecific.②.Frequentinuse(使用频繁).Nativewordsaremostfrequentlyusedineverydayspeechandwriting.Theproportionofitsuseinrelationtoborrowingsisperhapsjusttheoppositeofitsnumber.4.Illustratetherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningwithexamples.答:
Awordisphoneticsymbolthatstandsforsomethingintheworld.Thissymbolicconnectionisalmostalwaysarbitrary,andthereis‘nologicalrelationshipsbetweenthesoundwhichstandsforathingsoranideaandtheactualthingandideaitself’.Forexample,womanisrepresentedbythesoundFrauinGerman,femmeinFrench,andfunvinChinese.5.Explainneologisms(新词语)withexamples.答:
Neologismsarenewlycreatedwordsorexpressions,orwordsthathavetakenonnewmeanings.Forexample,“emil”(electronicmail,thesendingofmessagesviacomputersystems)isawordnewlycoinedagainstthebackgroundofrapiddevelopmentininformationtechnology.Theword“mouse”mightexamplifythewordstakingonnewmeanings:
nowamouseisindispensableforcomputerusers.6.HowareEnglishwordsgenerallyclassified?
Elaborateonit.答:
Vocabularycanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaintodifferenttypes.①Byusefrequency(使用频率),wordsmayfallintothebasicwordstock(基本词汇)andnonbasicvocabulary非基本词汇)Basicvocabularyissmallinnumberbutformsthecoreofthe(.languageandenjoysthehighfrequencyofuse.Nonbasicvocabularycontainssuchwordsasterminology,jargon,whichhavearelativelylimiteduse;②Bynotion(实义),wordscanbedividedintocontentwords(实义词)andfunctionalwords(功能词即虚词),contentwordshaveclearnotionssuchasnouns,verbs.Functionalwordscoverprepositions,articles,conjunctions,etc,whosemajorfunctionsaretohelpmakesentences;③Byorigin(起源)wordscanbegroupedintonativewords,(本族语词)andborrowedwords(外来语词).NativewordsrefertothewordsofAnglo-Saxonorigin,whicharesmallinnumberbutformthemainstreamofbasicwordstock.Borrowedwordsarewordstakenoverfromotherlanguagesandmakeup80%ofthewholeEnglishvocabulary.Thesethreecriteriaarethemostwidespreadandpopular.Thereareotherwaystoo,forexample,bymorphologicalstructure,formality,emotionality,andsoon.
Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary一、【考情分析】本章主要考核的知识点为:
英语的亲属关系,英语的形成和词汇发展的三个时期及其特点,考生应该认识现代英语词汇发展的趋势和方式。
在历年考试中:
常常以选择题,填空题,名词解释的形式对本章知识点进行考核。
二、【知识串讲】 重点知识锦集:
1.Indo-EuropeanLanguageismadeupofmostoftheLanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.2.TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:
Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianLanguages.3.IntheWesternset,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.4.ThesurvivingLanguagesshowvariousofdegreesofsimilaritytooneanother.Thesimilaritybearsamoreorlessdirectrelationshiptotheirgeographicaldistribution.5.NowpeoplegenerallyrefertoAnglo-SaxonasOldEnglish(古英语).6.TheintroductionofChristianity(基督教)attheendofthe6thcenturyhadagreatimpactontheEnglishvocabulary.7.OldEnglish(古英语)hasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodrenGerman.8.Until1066,althoughtherewereborrowingsfromLatin,theinfluenceonEnglishwasmainlyGermanic.9.TheNormanConqueststartedacontinualflowofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.10.DuringtheMiddleEnglishperiod,Britainhadtraderelationswit
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 自考 英语 词汇学 笔记