本科毕业设计浅析英语新词的构成与翻译.docx
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本科毕业设计浅析英语新词的构成与翻译.docx
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本科毕业设计浅析英语新词的构成与翻译
Abstract
Language,asanimportantcarrierofsocialdevelopment,issupposedtobesynchronizedwithit.Therapiddevelopmentofpolitics,economyinmodernsociety,theconsistentprogressofscienceandtechnology,theincreasinglyfrequentcross-culturecommunicationaswellastheprevalenceoftheInternethasproducedagreatnumberofEnglishneologisms.Beingaprismofwesternsociallife,Englishneologismsreflectthenewidea,newlifeandnewvalueofmodernwesternpeople.Hence,theresearchonEnglishneologismsisofgreatsignificanceinmanyaspectssuchaslinguistics,culturologyandsociology.ItnotonlybenefitstheresearchonEnglishrenewalandchanges,butalsofacilitatestheinternationalexchangeofscienceandculture.
Thisthesis,whichfocusesonEnglishneologismscreatedafterWorldWarⅡ,willfirstlygivearelativelycleardefinitionto“Neologism”,thentheformationandtranslationskillsofEnglishneologismswillbeanalyzed.Further,wewillundertakediscussingwithrespecttothesourcesorunderlyingreasonsfortheirexistence,andfinallymakesomeforecastofdevelopingtrendofEnglishneologisms.Theinnovationofthisthesisasfollows:
inthefuture,thenewcoinageofEnglishneologismswilltendtobeefficientandmass-produced,andChinesewillbeagreatsourceofEnglishneologisms.
Keywords:
Englishneologism;wordformation;translation;sources;prospect
中文摘要
作为社会发展动态和成果的直接载体,语言的发展必须与之同步。
现代社会政治经济的发展、科学技术的进步、频繁的跨文化交流,网络的盛行,大量的英语新词应运而生。
英语新词表现了当代西方人的新思想、新生活、新的价值观念,是反映西方社会的多棱镜。
英语新词的研究是一项非常重要的工作,具有语言学、文化学、社会学等多方面的意义。
研究英语新词不仅有利于研究英语的更新和变化,还有利于促进世界性科技文化交流。
本文针对二战后产生的英语新词,根据国内外对英语新词的研究,首先对“何为新词”给出一个较为明确的定义,重点分析阐述其构词方式和翻译技巧,继而探讨其产生来源,并对其未来发展趋势作出预测。
本文的创新点在于指出在未来,英语新词的造词趋向简洁化批量化,而中文亦将对其有着更为重要的影响。
关键词:
英语新词;构词;汉译;来源;展望
Chapter1IntroductionandDefinitionofNeologisms
1.1Introduction
Asthevehicleofcommunication,languageisrelativelystableaswellasconstantlychanging.TheBritishscholarFoster(1980)saidwhensocietychangesgraduallyorsharply,languagewillshowsomechangestocatertothedemandsofsociety.AndEugeneNida(1982)deemedthatthemostdistinctivefeatureofEnglishlanguageisitsflexibility.
Vocabularyisthemostimportantandactivecomponentofalanguage.SocialdevelopmentleadstodevelopmentsandchangesofEnglishlanguage,whichresultsintheappearanceofalargenumberofEnglishnewwords.Consequently,itisaninexorabletrendofEnglishlanguagetoadapttothedevelopmentofsociety.AccordingtoTheBarnhartDictionaryCompanion,thenumberofnewwordstheycollectisnolessthan1,500to1,600peryear.
ThefirstsystematicresearchonEnglishneologismstartedintheearly20thcentury,andmostoftheearlyneologismscamefromwarsandtechnology.ThedictionarycompilationofEnglishneologismswasboominginthelasttwodecades.Roughlyestimated,therearemorethan20differentkindsofneologismdictionaries.Moreover,thethrivingoftheInternetandmodernmediaalsoprovideafertilegroundforneologisms.TheInternetperformsitsmagicpowerandmakestwitterandunfriendbecomethehottestnewwordsof2009whilenewsreportsapplyneologismsasspotlightsinnewstitleproducing.Nevertheless,differentfromabroad,thedomesticstudyofEnglishneologismshasjusttakenoff.
Thisthesiswillgivearelativelycleardefinitionforneologism,thentheemphasizinganalysisonthecharacteristicsoftheirwordformation,translationsaswellassourceswillbegiven,andfinallypredictionsoftheprospectsofEnglishneologismswillbemade.ThestudyofEnglishneologismsnotonlybenefitsthestudyofEnglishrenewingandchanging,butalsoenhancestheglobaltechnologicalandculturalexchangeandcooperation,betterintegrationratherthanseparation.
1.2DefinitionofNeologisms
Webster’sNewWorldDictionary(ThirdCollegeEdition)definestheword“neologism”as“anewwordornewmeaningforanestablishedword”(DavidBernardGuralnik,NeufeldtVictoria,1989).
ThedefinitionofneologisminMicrosoftEncartaLibraryEncartaDictionarywas“arecentlycoinedwordorphrase,orarecentlyextendedmeaningofanexistingwordorphrase”.
LinChengzhang’s(1987)definitionis“newlycoinedwordsorwordsthataregivennewmeaningtofitnewsituationbecauseofsocial,economic,political,cultural,scientificandtechnicalchangesinhumansociety.”
Neologismsareprismsofthemodernsocietythatreflectthenewthoughts,newlifestylesandnewvalues.Thisthesiswillmainlyfocusonthegeneralprinciplesforformationandtranslationsofneologismsinlatestdecades.Roughlyspeaking,theword“neologisms”inthisthesisincludesthefollowingmeanings:
)Anewword:
itwascreatedbecauseofthesocialchanges.
)Anoldword:
newmeaningsweregiventoanoldwordduringthedevelopmentofalanguageoranexistedwordofotherlanguageswasintroducedtoEnglish.
Chapter2LiteratureReview
TheresearchesonEnglishneologismsalwaysgoeswithlexicologyasthebirthofEnglishneologismwillalwaysleadtotheneedofcompilingofadictionarytoincludeEnglishnewwords.TheAmericanscholarJohnAlgeooncewroteintheprefaceofhisbookFiftyYearsAmongtheNewWords:
ADictionaryofNeologism,1941-1991(1993),thoughneologismsdictionarieswinwarmpraisefromthepublicinrecentyears,infact,thecompilingofEnglishdictionariesbeginswiththecompilingofneologismsdictionariesinaway.
Thefirstoverseasresearchesonneologismsandcompilingofnewwordsdictionariescanbedatedbacktothebeginningof20thcentury,inarealsense.LeonMead’sbookWord-Coinagewhichwaspublishedin1902,istheearliestwritingofstudiesonnewwordsinthe20thcentury.Thoughthebookisnotyetaneologismdictionary,itdoescollectaamountofwritingsofneologisms.Inthebook,Meadpresentedtheresearchonneologismsforthefirsttime,andnotedtheattitudesofsomewritersatthattime.AlphonsoSmith,ontheotherhand,hadhiswritingwhichwasentitledNewWordsSelf-Definedreleasedin1920.Thisbookisthefirstrecordofnewdevelopmentofnewwords(mostlyformilitaryuse)bymeansofdictionarycompiling.Fromthenon,warandscientifictechnologyseemstobehotspotsofproducingnewwords,andneologismsdictionariesthatincludenewwordsofthesetwofieldsareemergingunceasingly.
Intherecent20years,thedictionarycompilinginwesterncountriesisthriving.Accordingtostatistics,therearemorethan20typesofEnglishneologismsalready.AndWebster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionary,TheOxfordDictionaryofNewWords,TheBarnhartDictionaryofNewEnglishandFiftyYearsAmongtheNewWords:
ADictionaryofNeologism,1941-1991byProfessorAlgeoareofhighestacademicvalueamongthosedictionaries.Besides,well-knownpublicationslikeRandomHouseDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage,VerbatinandDictionarySocietyofNorthAmericahavegivenapushtothepromotionofEnglishneologisms.Moreover,themassmedia,boththetraditionalonesandthenewmediaprovidenewwaysofcollectingandresearchingonneologisms,saytheselectionof“WordoftheYear”orsomespecializedwebsitefornewwordsstudies--.Incontrasttotheprosperousemergingofneologismsdictionaries,intensivestudiesandresearchesseemmodestandhavelittleimpact.
DespiteitsshorthistorycomparedtotheoverseasresearchonEnglishneologisms,thedomesticstudiesnowgainmoreandmorefocusfromscholarsandthepublic,asaconsequenceofthedevelopmentofinformationsuperhighwayalongwiththepopularityoftheInternet,especiallystudiesonnewInternettermsandnewscientificwords.AndProfessorWangRongpeihaveobtainedamostremarkableachievementinmonographwritingandthesisonEnglishneologisms,liftingtheresearchuptoahighlevel.
ThoughfinercategoriesofEnglishneologismsstudyhavebeenmade,neitherthespeednorscaleofdomesticresearchescanbementionedinthesamebreathwiththeoverseasones.Mostoftheresearchesfocusonthemorphemicstructureofnewwords,butsaylittleabouttheunderlyingreasonsfortheirexistenceandtheanalysisofdevelopingtrendoftheneologisms.Furthermore,asChinahaveagreaterimpactontheworldaffairseventheEnglishlanguage,domesticstudiesshouldstartwatchingthedevelopmentofthefusingofChineseandEnglishclosely.
Chapter3FormationofEnglishNewWords
3.1SemanticChange
3.1.1Affixation
InaccordancewithZhangWeiyou(1997),affixationistheformationofwordsbyaddingwordformingorderivativeaffixestostems.Eventoday,affixationstillplaysanactiveandimportantpartintheprocessofwordforminginEnglish.Accordingtostatistics,17.5%ofneologismssinceWorldWarⅡareformedinthisway,forexample,cybercafé网吧,preschooler学龄前儿童,antiaging抗衰老.Andunfriend解除和某人在社交网站上的好友关系fromFacebookeasilytookthetitleofOxfordDictionary'sWordoftheYear2009.
Duetotheconvenienceandefficiencyofderivation,affixesplayasignificantpartinthemorphologyofthenewwords.Thoughalargenumberoftypicalaffixesarestillactiveandproductive,alotofmorphemesnowalsobecomenewlyemergedaffixes,quasi-affixesoraffixes-to-be.Duringtheprocessofaffixformation,themeaningofafreemorphemebecomesabstractandfunctionalgradually.Thenfinally,afreemorphemecannotbeusedindependentlyanditslocationisfixedsothatitcanbeconsideredasaprefixorsuffix,whichcanactasanindicatorofthepartofspeech.
Infact,peoplehasappliedcomponentsofsomepopularwordsasaffixesforawhile,yetsuchcomponentsarenotreallyaffixesoriginally,andsomeofthemareeveninterceptedfromotherla
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