高英 修辞.docx
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高英 修辞.docx
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高英修辞
FIGURESOFSPEECH
What’sfigureofspeech?
Figuresofspeechrefertothoserhetoricaldevicesinwhichwordsaremadetomeanotherthanwhattheywouldnormallyimply,andthereforeinvolvedeviationfromtheordinaryandliteralmeaningofwords,theyarewaystomakeourlanguagefigurative,moremeaningful,morecolorful.
Wearespeakingorwritingfigurativelywhenweusewordsinnon-literalsensestolendforcetoanidea,toheighteneffect,ortocreateatmosphere.Comparethefollowingsentencesineffect:
1.Thestarstwinklelikediamonds.
2.Thestarsshinebrightly.
3.Imperialismisapapertiger.
4.Imperialismappearstobestrongbutinwardlyitisweak.
Whichismorevividandcolorful?
Whichismoresuggestiveofoutwardferocityandinnerweakness?
Thefigurescanhelpnotonlyindeepeningourunderstandingofwhatweread,butalsoinappreciatingmorefullythewriters’viewandstyle.Wemightevenlearntowritebetter.Infact,effectivewritingofanykindisseldomwithoutafigureortwo.
I.Whatisametaphor?
Andwhatisasimile?
Whatispersonification?
1.Ametaphor,makesacomparisonbetweentwounlikethings,butwithapointofresemblance.Thiscomparisonisimpliedratherthanstated.Itrequiresgreaterabilityofthereadertoperceivethehiddenassociation,theinsightintopersons,thingsorideas.
Forinstance,
“Moneyisalensinacamera”.
Whatistheimpliedassociation,thecommonquality,thepointofresemblance?
Ourknowledgeofphotographytellsusthatalensinacameracanreflectandrecordimagesofpersonsorthingssharplyandobjectively.Thisleadsustothethoughtthatmoneyorthegreedformoneycanalsocausepeopletorevealtheirtruefeelingsorcharacters.
Sothecommonqualitybetweenthetwoisthatbothmoneyandalenscanshowuppeopleastruthfullyandobjectively.
2.Asimilealsomakesacomparisonbetweenthetwounlikeelementshavingatleastonequalityorcharacteroncommon..Thecomparisonisimaginative,thatis,theresemblancebetweenthetwounlikethingsexistsonlyinourminds,inourinwardeyeandinthenatureofthethingsthemselves.Sometimestheassociationisbetweenunfamiliarthings,orbetweenabstractandconcreteimages.Thestrongertheassociationthatisfelt,thegreatertheforceofthecomparison,thestrongerthepowerofsuggestionandthesharpertheimageproduced.
3.What’sthedifferencebetweenasimileandametaphor?
1)simile:
thecomparisonisindicated/showedby:
like;as;as…as;asif;asthough;(just)as…so.
2)Metaphor:
Thecomparisonisimplied.
4.Personificationisafigureofspeechthatgiveshumanformorfeelingstoanimal,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions,anactofpersonifyingsth.thatisnothumanbeing.e.g.
Iranacrossadimphotographofhimtheotherday,goingthroughsomeoldthings.He’sbeendeadtwenty-fiveyears.HisnamewasRex…andhewasabull-terrier.
⏹(Hereadogispersonified.)Personification:
a
Comparethefollowingsentences,seewhatfiguresofspeechexistinthem:
1.JimlookslikehisbrotherBilly.
2.JimandBillyareaslikeastwopeas.
3.Thewhiningschoolboy,withhissatchelandshiningmorningface,creepinglikesnailunwillinglytoschool.
4.Thehallwaywaszebra-stripedwithdarknessandmoonlight.
5.Recordsfelllikeapplesonawindyday.
6.Ascoldwaterstoathirstysoul,soisgoodnewsfromafarcountry.
7.Campaignposterssproutedacrossthelandlikewildflowersafteraspringrain.
8.Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.
9.Ifnotalwaysinahotmoodtosmash,theseaisalwaysstealthilyreadyforadrowning.
Whatissynecdoche?
It’sthesubstitutionofthepartforthewhole,orthewholeforthepart.
1.Theycountedfiftysailsintheharbour.
2.Thebirdssangtowelcomethesmilingyear.
Hereisalistofexamples:
A.Thepartforthewhole
1.hand
a)memberofaships’crewb)worker,laborer,helper
2.head
person
3.bread
food,esp.staplefood
B.Thewholeforthepart
1.AustraliabeatCanadaatcricket.
C.Nameofmaterialforthethingmade
1.Hewalkedtheboardsforaliving.
D.Thecontainerforthethingcontainedorviceversa
1.Thekettleisboiling.
Somemoreexamplesforyoutodistinguish:
(whichofthefollowingwordsbelongto“synecdoche”)
1.Alas,thatSpringshouldvanishwiththeRose.
2.Hepaidtheworkers$5perhead.
3.He’sthebreadearnerofthefamily.
4.Thelegscouldhardlykeepupwiththetanks.
5.Theywereshortofhandsatharvesttime.
6.Shewasdressedinsilksandsatins.
7.Twobeers,please.
Figureofspeech(definition)
1.simile
2.metaphor:
acomparisonmadebetweenthingswithsimilarities/resemblance/hiddenassociation
3.irony
Toachieveemphasis/funbysayingtheoppositeofwhatismeant.(theintendedmeaningofthewordsbeingtheoppositeoftheirusualsense)
Eg.Describeaveryfatmanas“skinny”or:
slim”
4.metonymy
asubstitutionofthenameofonethingforthatofanother,thesubstitutednamesuggestingthethingmeant.Inotherwords,itinvolvesa“changeofname”.
5.synecdoche
asubstitutionofthewholeforthepartorthepartforthewhole
6.antithesis
contrastingwords/ideasinbalancedstructure(toachieveforceandemphasis)
7.parallelism
balancedstructure(necessarytobalancewordforword,phraseforphrase,sentenceforsentence…)
8.alliteration
firstconsonantsarerepeatedinmorethanonewordsatintervals
9.personification
Personificationisafigureofspeechthatgiveshumanformorfeelingstoanimal,orlifeandpersonalattributestoinanimateobjects,ortoideasandabstractions,anactofpersonifyingsth.thatisnothumanbeing.
10.pun:
Topunistoplaythewords,forwittyorhumorouseffect,whichlookorsoundalike,buthavedifferentsenses/connotations
11.Hyperbole:
overstateorexaggeratesth.inordertomakeitsoundbigger,smaller,better,worse,etc.thanitreallyis
exaggeration/overstatement/boasting
11.understatement(litotesandmeiosis)
Itistheoppositeofhyperbole,oroverstatement.Itemphasizeafactbydeliberatelyunderstatingit,makingitmoreimpressivebywhatisonlyimpliedorleftunsaidthanbybarestatement.
12.euphemism
saysthinaindirectandbetterway
13.transferredepithet
anepithetistransferred/movedawayfromapersontoathing/idea,tomodifysththatitdoesn’tbelongto
14.paradox
astatementwhichseemswrong,butactuallytrueonfurtherconsideration.
15.oxymoron
acompressedparadox,formedbytwocontradictoryterms.
17.onomatopoeia
theimitation/copyofsounds
18.climax
19.anti-climax
20.rhetoricalquestions
21.analogy:
Aformofcomparisontoconcentrateononepointofresemblance,todrawaparallelbetweentwounlikethingsthathaveseveralcommonqualities/resemblance.It’schieflyforpersuasion/explanation/exposition.
22.assonance:
Itisthe“echoing”or“resemblance”ofvowelsoundsinthestressedsyllablesofasequenceofwords,asin“ahotcoppersky”or“childrenjustletloosefromschool.
Poetsofallageshaveusedthisdeviceeffectivelytoconveyvarioussensoryimpressions.
Exercise1.Tellwhatisthefigureofspeechinthefollowingsentences:
1.Moneyisalensinacamera.
2.TipanAlleyhasmovedtoanothercityfromNewYork.
3.Thekettleisboiling.
4.Youarestaying,Iamgoing.
5.Let’screateagovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople.
6.Let’stellbothoutfriendsandfoe.
7.Thebigwindwhipthehouseandtrees.
8.Hermouthisasredasawatermelon.
9.Theywatchedthestormfromtheirspectacularpoint.
10.Whereeveryonehasastatus,nobodyhasastatus.
11.abitersweetmemories
proudhumility
Hehadhisvictoriousdefeat.
12.Thisisthemen’sfinalreleasefromearthlycare/struggle:
theyvanishfromaworldwheretheywereofnoresult;wheretheyachievednothing;wheretheywereamistakeandafailureandafoolishness;wheretheyhaveleftnosign;aworldwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever!
13.Thechess-boardistheworld,thepiecesarethephenomenaoftheuniverse,therulesofthegamearewhatwecallthelawsofnature.Theplayerontheothersideishiddenfromus.Weknowthathisplayisalwaysfair,justandpatient.Butalsoweknow,toourcost,thatheneveroverlookamistake,ormakesthesmallestallowanceforignorance.Tothemanwhoplayswell,thehigheststakesarepaid,withthatsortofoverflowinggenerositywithwhichthestrongshowsdelightinstrength.Andonewhoplaysillischeckmated---withouthaste,butwithoutremorse.(T.H.Huxley)
(Manvsnature,whowillwin?
HuxleyusestheanalogyoftwoplayersinachessgametoexplainthatManwillsucceedonlyifheplaysbythelawsofnature.)
Exercises2.:
Distinguishthefigureofspeechinthefollowing:
1.Somuchofwell-to-doAmericanowliveinthisarea.
2.Thechildwasprettyandintelligent
(Thechildwasprettyandhadbrains.)
3.weshallfightforthegovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,forthepeople.
4.Speechissilver;silenceisgold.
5.Thewindwhistledthroughthetrees.
6.Ifnotalwaysinahotmoodtosmash,theseaisalwaysstealthilyreadyfordrowning.
7.Healmostdiedlaughing.
8.Shesellssea-shellsontheseashore,
Peterpiperpickedapeckofpickledpaper.
9.Theycountedfiftysailsintheharbor.
10.Hewasamanofnomeanwealth.(…quiterich)
11.It’snolaughingmater.(…seriousmatter)
12.Ididnothalflikehim.(…likehimverymuch)
13.Advancedfieldtrainingisn’tgoingtobealark.(…notgoingtobeveryeasy/fun)
14.“Don’tworry.It’sonlyalittlescratch,“he
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