History of the World in Two Hours.docx
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History of the World in Two Hours.docx
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HistoryoftheWorldinTwoHours
《HistoryoftheWorldinTwoHours》
Whatifwecouldtellyoueverything,theentirehistoryoftheworld?
Now,whatifwetoldyouwecoulddoitinjusttwohours?
We'regoingtotellthewholestory,fromtheBigBangtothepresentday.Howtheplanetpreparedfortheriseofman.HowtheStoneAgeledtothesteamengine.Howthefirstseedssproutedintocitiesandcivilizations.Everythingisconnected,andthepathleadstoyou.lttookhistory13.7billionyearstounfold.We'llshowyoueverythingyouneedtoknowinthenexttwohours.Thisisourinfantuniverse.Everythingthatwilleverexist,everythingthatwilleverhappen,allbeginshere,withinthistinybundleofenergy,smallerthananatom.Andrightnow,historyasweknowitisabouttomysteriouslybegin.Forreasonswemayneverknow,ouruniversesuddenlyerupts.lnamillionthofamillionthofamillionthofamillionthofamillionthofamillionthofasecond,itwentfromasizesmallerthananatomtobiggerthanagalaxy.Whatyou'reseeingisenergy,andit'sonekeytounderstandingeverythingthatwillunfoldinthenexttwohours.Withinafractionofasecond,theBigBangcreatesalltheenergythatwilleverexist,alltheenergythatwillpowerthestars,thatwillfuelanythingthateverlives.Alltheenergythatyouwilleverconsumedatesbacktothebeginningoftime.Whenyouputgasintoyourcar,you'retappingenergythatwascreatedduringtheBigBang.You'retappingtheenergyoftheuniverseitself.We'reonlyafewminutesintoourtwo-hourjourney,butalready380,000yearshavepassed.Youareabouttowitnessthebirthofyouroriginalancestors,thefirstatoms.Thisishydrogen.Theuniversewilluseittomakeeverythingintheworldaroundus.Hydrogenislikeabaseballteam.Yousay,"Whatplayerdolwanttostartmyteamwith?
"Well,iflwanttostartauniverse,lwanttostartitwithhydrogen.Becausefromthat,withalotofheatandalotofpressure,youcanbuildmorekindsofatoms.Thefirstatomsblastthroughtheearlyuniverse.Andluckilyforus,theydon'tspreadoutevenly,becauseinthosetinypocketswithmoreatoms,gravity,thegreatsculptoroftheearlyuniverse,beginstoworkitsmagic.Thefirstgalaxiesarebeginningtoform,revealingatimelesssecretoftheuniverse.Throughouthistory,whenevermorematterandenergycanbedrawntogetherinoneplace,morecomplexthingscanemerge.Wehavealloftheseurbancentersaroundtheplanetwheresomuchcreativity,somuchart,somuchscience,somuchculturecameaboutbecauseofalltheseopportunitiesforthingstointeractwitheachother.Really,inasense,wherethereisstuff,newstuffcandevelop.Andwherethereisn'tanything,nothingmuchcandevelop.300millionyearsaftertheBigBang,insideofforminggalaxies,gravitycontinuestosqueezetogethercloudsofgasanddust,causingpressureandheattoviolentlyrise.Whenthetemperaturereaches18milliondegreesFahrenheit,hydrogenatomsslamtogether,creatinganewelement,helium,andradiatingburstsofenergy.Thefirststarsareborn.Suddenlytherewerethesenewbeaconsoflightshiningforth,pouringenergyintotheuniverse.Lettherebelight.Butsomethingismissingfromthisearlyuniverse.Therearebillionsofstars,yetnotasingleplanet.Toformplanetsandeventuallypeople,totakethenextleapthatwouldmakeallofhistorypossible,theuniverseneedsmoretoworkwiththanjusthydrogenandhelium.Thecomplicatedelements,theheavierthingsthatwebuildstuffoutof,forexample,ironorlifebuiltoutofcarbonandthingslikethat,they'reactuallymanufacturedinstars.Wemayseestarslikeourownsunassourcesoflight,butthereissomethingbiggerhappeningdeepinside.Starsareelementfactories.Theyfusehydrogenintohelium,heliumintolithium,forging25ofthemostcommonelementswe'llneedtolive,includingcarbon,oxygen,nitrogen,andiron.Somorethan12billionyearsago,starsarealreadycreatingtheelementthatwillspurthelronAge,allowforthebuildingofcitiesandthecreationofsomeofmankind'smostfamousmonuments.ButalookattheStatueofLibertyrevealsthenextchallengeawaitingtheearlyuniverse.Whilethestatue'sframeisiron,herskinrequiresanelementtooheavytobemadeinstars.ForLadyLibertytohavematerialforherskin,fortheretobegoldforweddingrings,oruraniumfornuclearreactors,someelementshadtobecreatedanotherway.Starsdon'thaveenoughenergytodothejob,butiftheelementfactoryisn'tpowerfulenough,howaboutblowingupthefactory?
Justafewmillionyearsafterthefirststarsformed,someofthemexploded.Theseexplosions,knownassupernovas,arethebiggestblastsintheuniversesincetheBigBang,providingtheextraboostofenergyneededtofuseheavierelements.lnthefieryblastoftheirowndestruction,starscreateuranium,gold,alltherestoftheelementsthatwillfillourworld,includingcopper.Theperiodictableoftheelementsissortofthelibraryofmatterintheuniverse.Thoseareyourbuildingblocks,everythingthatiscomingoutofthatparticularchemistryset.Supernovasareabsolutelynecessaryforustobehere.Youknow,wehaveironinourblood.Wehavelittlebitsofoldsupernova,therefore,justfloatingaroundthroughus.Weareallstardust.Copperandtin,BronzeAge.Withoutsupernovas,there'snoBronzeAge.Gotoanysupermarketandbuyamultivitaminandgoandlookintheingredients.You'llfindcopper.You'llfindzinc.You'llfindselenium.You'llfindallsortsofelementsthatcanonlybemadeinasupernova.TheelementsmadebystarswillbecometheseedsoflifeonEarthandthedriversofhumanhistory.Butthejourneyhasjustbegun.Beforetherecanbelife,theuniversehastobuildusasuitablehome.Tobuildaproperhouse,youhavetoassembletherightmaterialsallinoneplace.Nowwhenplanetsform,it'sthesamething,it'sthematerialsthatyouhaveathandthat'sgonnadictatethekindofhousethatyourplanet'sgonnabe.Togetenoughoftherightmaterialintherightplaceallatoncetakesaverylongtime.Overthenexteightbillionyears,morethanhalfofhistoryasweknowit,theelementfactoriescontinuetheirwork.Starsexplodeandarereborn,eachgenerationwithmoreheavyelementsthanthelast.Until4.6billionyearsago.Finallythereareenoughmaterialsgatheredforthenextsteponthepathtous.Anewstarisborn.Thisisoursun.lt'ssomassivethatit'sgatheredup99.9%ofthegasanddustinthesolarsystem,butthere'sstilljustenoughleftbehindforgravitytobuildsomeotherthings,likeplanets.Thethirdoneoutfromthisstarwillbeourhome.BythetimeEarthemergesjustoverfourandahalfbillionyearsago,two-thirdsofthehistoryoftheuniversehasalreadypassed.Thefirstsunrisessweepacrossaforebodingalienplanet,aworldspinningsorapidlythatadaylastsonlysixhours.WhenyougobacktotheearlyEarth,rightaftertheplanetformed,youreallyhavetothinkoftheEarthasanotherplanet.Thesunwouldhavelookedoutoverahellacioussceneofjustmoltenlava.Andinplacesyouwouldseeraftsofblackvolcanicrock.Withintheliquefiedrocktheelementsareallinajumble.Somethinghastobringorderoutofthischaos.Andonceagainthatsomethingisgravity.Lightermaterialdriftstowardthesurfaceandformsasolidcrust,whileheaviermaterialsinkstowardthecenter,formingamolteniron-nickelcore.Thischurningliquidmetalcreatesamagneticfieldthatreachesoutintospace.Likeaforcefield,itwillprotectourfuturehomefromthesun'sdeadlychargedparticles.Soonthismagneticfieldwillallowforlifetogrow,andlater,guidetheexplorerswhowillconnecttwohalvesoftheworld.Butforallthistounfold,theEarthwillneedacriticalpartner.Fourandahalfbillionyearsago,anobjectthesizeofMarssmashesintotheplanetat25,000milesperhour.Earthswallowsupmuchoftheimpactor.Butasprayofmoltendebrisiswhippedoffintospace.Withinaslittleasayear,gravitygathersthisdebrisintoasecondarysphereinorbitaroundtheEarth,whereithasbeeneversince.TheformationofthemoonwasanincrediblyimportanteventinEarth'shistory.Andinfact,itscreation,overfourbillionyearsago,isreallyimportanttotheEarth'sclimatetoday.ThemoonkeepsEarthsteady.ltsgravitationalpullpreventstheplanetfromwobbling,savingusfromwildclimateswings.AndthecollisionthatformedthemoonleavesEarthtiltedonitsaxis,givingtheplanetakeyingredienttolife,seasons.Havingseasonsisvery,veryimportantfortheevolutionoflifeontheEarth,andhavingsomestabilityinthetiltofthoseaxes,that'svery,veryimportantalsoformaintaininglifeontheEarth.Themoon'sgravityalsobeginstoslowEarth'srotation,whichwilleventuallylengthenourdaysfromsixhoursto24.4.4billionyearsago.lt'stoohotonEarthforliquidwatertoexist,butthere'swatervapor,steamintheatmosphere.Thetrickishowtogetitoutofthesky.Ontoanyworldwhereyouhopetohavelife,alittlerainmustfall.Formillionsofyearsastheplanetcools,rainpoursdown,formingpuddles,lakes,andeventuallyouroceans.By3.8billionyearsago,ourplanethasamoonandpermanentoceans,butithardlyresemblestheplacewenowcallhome.Tobecomethestageforallofhumanhistory,Earthneedsanoxygen-richatmosphere,fertilecontinentsforpeopletodiscoveranddevelop.Whowillcreateourmodernworld?
There'satrillionofthemcrawlingonyourskinrightnow.We'retellingthehistoryoftheworldintwohours,fromtheBigBangtothepresentday.Andourmodern
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