American realism.docx
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American realism.docx
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Americanrealism
AmericanRealism&Naturalism
Realism
Inliterature,thetheoryorpracticeoffidelitytonatureortoreallifeandtoaccuraterepresentationwithoutidealizationofeverydaylife.Itisareactionagainst“thelieofromanticismandsentimentalism”,expressingtheconcernforthecommonplaceandthelow.The18thcenturyworksofDanielDefoe,HenryFielding,andTobiasSmollettareamongtheearliestexamplesofrealisminEnglishliterature.ItwasconsciouslyadoptedasanaestheticprograminFranceinthemid-19thcentury,wheninterestaroseinrecordingpreviouslyignoredaspectsofcontemporarylifeandsociety;GustaveFlaubert’sMadameBovaryestablishedthemovementinEuropeanliterature.Therealistemphasisondetachmentandobjectivity,alongwithlucidbutrestrainedsocialcriticism,becameintegraltothenovelinthelate19thcentury.Thewordhasalsobeenusedcriticallytodenoteexcessiveminutenessofdetailorpreoccupationwithtrivial,sordid,orsqualidsubject.
MajorFigures
⏹WilliamDeanHowells(1837-1920)
⏹MarkTwain(1835-1910),localcolorist,whoseworkshavebecomepartoftheAmericanculturaltradition.
WilliamDeanHowells
▪Americanwriterandeditorinchief(1871-1881)oftheAtlanticMonthly,whoencouragedanumberofwriters,includingMarkTwainandHenryJames.Healsowrotemanynovels,suchasTheRiseofSilasLapham(1885西拉斯·拉帕姆的崛起),andbooksofliterarycriticism.
HenryJames
▪MasterofPsychologicalRealism.Herevealed“internationaltheme”.
▪Headopted“pointofview”.Hemadepsychologicalanalysis.
▪ThePortraitofaLady,TheGoldenBowl,DaisyMiller,TheArtofFiction.
Naturalism
Aestheticmovementofthelate19thtoearly20thcentury.Themovementwasinspiredbytheprinciplesandthemethodsofnaturalscience,especiallyDarwinism,whichwereadaptedtoliteratureandart.Inliterature,naturalismextendedthetraditionofrealism,aimingatanevenmorefaithful,pseudoscientificrepresentationofreality,presentedwithoutmoraljudgment.Charactersinnaturalisticliteraturetypicallyillustratethedeterministicroleofheredity(遗传特征)andenvironmentonhumanlife.ThemovementoriginatedinFrance,whereitsleadinginterpreterwasEmileZola.InAmericaitisassociatedwiththeworksofwriterssuchasStephenCraneandTheodoreDreiser.
MajorFigures
⏹TheodoreDreiser(1871-1945)德莱塞,leadingfigureofAmericanNaturalism.
⏹StephenCrane(1871-1900)克莱恩
HisMaggie:
AGirloftheStreets(街头女郎梅季)isthefirstAmericannaturalisticwork.
⏹FrankNorris(1870-1902)诺利斯
HisMcTeague(麦克提格)isthemanifestoofAmericannaturalism.
⏹JackLondon(1876-1916)杰克·伦敦
Hisworksareafinespecimenofsocialcriticism.
⏹O.Henry(1862-1910),distinguishedshortstorywriter.
TheodoreDreiser
•LeadingfigureofAmericanNaturalism.
•Americanwriterandeditorwhosenaturalisticnovels,suchasSisterCarrie(1900,嘉莉妹妹)andAnAmericanTragedy(1925,美国的悲剧),portraylifeasastruggleagainstungovernableforces.
•SisterCarriemarkedthematurityofAmericannaturalistworks.
StephenCrane
•Maggie:
AGirloftheStreets(1893)asympatheticstudyofaslumgirl'sdescentintoprostitution,wasamilestoneofliterarynaturalism.
•Heachievedinternationalfamewithhismasterwork,TheRedBadgeofCourage(1895红色英勇勋章),depictingthepsychologicalturmoilofayoungCivilWarsoldier
•Whiletravelingasawarcorrespondent,hisshipsankandhealmostdrowned,resultinginhisgreatstory"TheOpenBoat"(1898).
•Hediedat28oftuberculosis.
FrankNorris
•BenjaminFranklinNorris,Jr.,Americannovelist,writingpredominantlyinthenaturalistgenre.
•HisnotableworksincludeMcTeague:
AStoryofSanFrancisco(1899麦克提格)andTheOctopus:
ACaliforniaStory(1901章鱼).
•McTeagueisregardedasthe“firstfull-bodiednaturalisticAmericannovel”and“aconsciouslynaturalisticmanifesto”.
O.Henry
▪PopularAmericanshortstorywriter,knownforhisworkswithwit,wordplay,characterizationandthecleveruseof surprisingendings.
▪TheGiftoftheMagi
▪ThePopandtheAnthem
▪TheLastLeaf
JackLondon
•Hewrote50fictionandnonfiction,includingmanyromanticdepictionsofelementalstrugglesforsurvivalaswellassocialisttracts,includeTheCalloftheWild(1903野性的呼唤),TheSea-Wolf(1904海狼)andMartinEden(1909马丁·伊登).Thoughhisworksbroughthimwealthandfame,hissuicideatage40wastheresultofalcoholismandmountingdebt.
•MarkTwain(1835-1910)LincolnofAmericanliterature
ContributionsandAchievements
▪MarkTwain,pseudonymofSamuelLanghorneClemens,isaveryfamoushumorist,whosebestworkischaracterizedbybroad,oftenirreverenthumororbitingsocialsatire.Hiswritingisalsoknownforrealismofplaceandlanguage,memorablecharacters,andhatredofhypocrisyandoppression.
▪OneofhissignificantcontributionstoAmericanliteratureliesinthefactthathemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.
▪Insocialcriticismhelovedlife,people,freedomandjustice,feltaprideonhumandignityandadvocatedbrotherhoodofman.Hehatedtyrannyandiniquity,despisedmeannessandcruelty,andtookhisroleasasocialcriticinaseriousandresponsiblemanner.
▪HewasnotindifferenteithertotheChineseimmigrantspersecutedinAmericaortoaChinasufferingintenseagoniesofhumiliationanddismemberment(分解)byimperialistpowers.
MajorWorks
ShortStories
♦MostfamousoneisTheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》afrontierhumorwinninghimreputation)TheMillionPoundNote《百万英镑》
♦RunningforGovernor《竞选州长》ThePrinceandthePauper《王子与贫儿》
Novels
♦TheGildedAge(《镀金时代》notanexcellentonebutitgivesthenameofanage–theseveraldecadesaftertheCivilWar.)
♦TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《汤姆·索亚历险记》
♦TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
♦LifeonMississippi《密西西比河上的生活》
LocalColorism
▪Atermappliedtoliteraturewhichemphasizesitssetting,beingconcernedwiththecharacterofadistrictorofanera,asmarkedbyitscustoms,dialects,costumes,landscapeorotherpeculiaritiesthathaveescapedstandardizingculturalinfluences.ThelocalcolormovementcameintoparticularprominenceinAmericaaftertheCivilWar,perhapsasanattempttorecapturetheglamourofapastera,ortoportraythesectionsofthereunitedcountry.Inlocalcolorliteratureonefindstheinfluenceofromanticismandrealismsincetheauthorfrequentlylooksawayfromordinarylifetodistantlands,strangecustoms,orexoticscenes,butretainsthroughminutedetailasenseofloyaltyandaccuracyofdescription.
Comments
▪W.D.HowellscalledMarkTwain“theLincolnofourliterature”.ErnestHemingwaycommentedhismasterpieceTheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn“allmodernAmericanliteraturecomes.”
▪Beginningasalocalcolorist,hewrotefictionwhichhasbecomepartoftheAmericanculturaltradition.HecombinedAmericanfrontierhumorandseriousstorytellingconventionswithhisjournalisticstyle.Moreover,heinitiatedthecolloquialtraditionofAmericanfiction.Hewasnotahumoristatthecore,humorservesonlyasameanstoachievesocialcriticisminhiswork,thus,hewasmoreasocialcritic.
TheAdventuresofTomSawyer《汤姆·索亚历险记
oneofthebest-writtennovelsofMarkTwain,introducingtwoimmoralimages--TomSawyerandHuckleberryFinntoAmericanLiterature,aswellasfrontiertale,whichbringsthefreshrecollectionsofMarkTwain’smemoryofhischildhood.
▪Itrevolvesaroundtheyouthfuladventureofaschoolboy—TomSawyerwhoisalwayscausingmischiefandtroubles,butsetsanewandoriginalimagewhichistotallydifferentfromothertalesofchildren.
TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》
☐Thebackground
ThisnoveltellsastoryalongtheMississippiRiverbeforethecivilwar.HereliesanAmericawithitsgreatnationalfaults,fullofviolenceandevencruelty,yetstillretainingthevirtuesof“somesimplicity,someinnocence,somepeace”.
☐Themainidea
Thisnovel,throughHuck’sadventures,presentedthechangeofthewhiteboyHuck’sattitudetowardtherun-awayblackslaveJim.
Themes
☐ItshowsMarkTwain’ssatireonsouthernculturebeforetheCivilWar.Heexposedtheproblemsofslavery,themistreatmentofhumansbyhumansandtheninadeeplevelcondemnedracialdiscrimination.Herearetwopointsabouthissatireinthisnovel.
MajorThemes
1)Maturity:
Huckisforcedtotakecareofhimselfbecausehehasnoparents.Althoughheisayoungboy,hefacesmanyproblemsthatadultsstrugglewith,andisforcedtodealwiththemmaturely.
2)Friendship:
HuckneverreallyhadanytruefriendbeforeJim,butthetimespentwithhimallowedthetwotobecomeveryclose.
3)Legalityvs.Morality:
HuckfacesthequestionofwhetherheshouldobeythelawandturninJim,orifheshouldriskabadreputationandkeephisfriendhappy.
4)Love:
JimlovesHuckandhehasbeenatruefriendandbeenthroughmanytoughsituations.HucklearnstolovethroughhisfriendshipwithJim,whoisdevotedandwillingtodoanythingforHuck.
5)Racism:
ThenovelissetintheSouth.Blacksareslaveswithnolegalrightsandarefacedwithhighdegreesofdiscrimination.Theirstatusislowerthanthatofawhiteperson,andHuckgrowsupdebatingthatreality.ItisabarrieratfirstbetweenhimselfandJim,whichtheyeventuallyrealizeandovercome.
6)Freedom:
Literally,Jimseeksfreedomfromslavery.Figuratively,Huckseekstobefree,andnothavetoliveinfearofhisfather,orbeingcivilized.
7)Lessons:
Hucklearnsthatalthoughsocietyhastaughthimtoregardblacksasinferior,heshou
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