Introduction.docx
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Introduction.docx
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Introduction
NewYear'sDayinUnitedStates
NewYear'sDayfallsonJanuary1andmarksthestartofanewyearaccordingtotheGregoriancalendar.ItmarkstheendofNewYear'sEvecelebrationsintheUnitedStatesandgivesmanyAmericansachancetorememberthepreviousyear.
Whatdopeopledo?
ThestartofNewYear'sDay,atmidnight,isindicatedbyfireworks,partiesandspecialevents,whichareoftentelevised.Veryfewpeoplehavetoworkonthedayitself.FormanyitisadayofrecoveryfromtheNewYear'sEvecelebrationsthepreviousnight.Insometownsandcities,paradesareheldandspecialfootballgamesareplayed.ThebirthofthefirstbabyintheNewYearisoftencelebratedwithgiftstohisorherparentsandappearancesinlocalnewspapersandonlocalnewsshows.ManypeoplemakeNewYear'sresolutions.Theseareusuallypromisestothemselvesthattheywillimprovesomethingintheirownlives.CommonNewYear'sresolutionsaretostopsmokingordrinkingalcohol,toloseweight,exercisemoreortoliveahealthierlifestyle.
1.WhatindicatesthestartofNewYear’sDay?
EpiphanyinGermany
EpiphanyisannuallycelebratedinGermanyonJanuary6tomarktheMagi's(orthreewisemen's)visittobabyJesus.ItisalsotheendoftheChristmasseason.TheGermanstatesofBaden-Wuerttemberg,BavariaandSaxony-Anhaltcelebrateitaspublicholiday.
Whatdopeopledo?
SomepeopleinGermanyattendaspecialchurchserviceonEpiphany.IfthechurchhashadacribdisplayduringtheChristmasperiod,thefiguresrepresentingtheMagiareplacedinthecribonJanuary6.Peoplewithacribsceneathomedothesame.ChildrenlearnaboutthestoryofthethreewisemenandmayactoutthewholeChristmasstory.Homesandstablesinruralareasarecleansedbyburningfrankincenseandallowingthesmoketospreadthroughtherooms.
PeopleinsomeareasgatheronEpiphanyEve(January5)todrinktothehealthandluckoffamilyandfriendsinthecomingyear.Specialbeerknownasbockbeerisbrewedforthispurpose.Thistypeofbeerhasastrongertasteandahigherpercentageofalcoholthanotherbeers.
GroupsofchildrengofromhousetohousedressedasthethreewisemenbetweenDecember27andJanuary6.TheyknockonthedoorofeachhouseandsinghymnsabouttheJesus'birthandtheMagi'svisit.Ifthedoorisopened,theyaskformoneyforaspecificcharity.
1.WhatwineisusedtocelebratethecomingyearonEpiphanyEve?
LittleNewYear
NewYear(Chinese:
Xiaonian),whichfallsaboutaweekbeforethelunarNewYear,isalsoknownastheFestivaloftheKitchenGod,thedeitywhooverseesthemoralcharacterofeachhousehold.InoneofthemostdistinctivetraditionsofSpringFestival,apaperimageoftheKitchenGodisburnedonLittleNewYear,dispatchingthegod'sspirittoHeaventoreportonthefamily'sconductoverthepastyear.TheKitchenGodisthenwelcomedbackbypastinganewpaperimageofhimbesidethestove.Fromthisvantagepoint,theKitchenGodwilloverseeandprotectthehouseholdforanotheryear.ThecloseassociationoftheKitchenGodwiththeLunarNewYearhasresultedinKitchenGodFestivalbeingcalledLittleNewYear.AlthoughveryfewfamiliesstillmakeofferingstotheKitchenGodonthisday,manytraditionalholidayactivitiesarestillverypopular.
HonoringtheKitchenGod.TherearenumerouscustomsassociatedwithhonoringtheKitchenGodanddeterminingthedateoftheKitchenGodFestival,orLittleNewYear.Thedateofthisholidaywassometimesassignedaccordingtolocation,withpeopleinnorthernChinacelebratingitonthetwenty-thirddayofthetwelfthlunarmonth,andpeopleinsouthernChinacelebratingitonthetwenty-fourth.ThedateofLittleNewYearwasalsotraditionallydeterminedaccordingtoprofession.Traditionally,feudalofficialsmadetheirofferingstotheKitchenGodonthetwenty-third,thecommonpeopleonthetwenty-fourth,andcoastalfishingpeopleonthetwenty-fifth.Thepersonofficiatingatthesacrificialriteswasgenerallythemaleheadofthehousehold.
1.WhichkindsofpeoplearecelebratingLittleNewYearindifferentdates?
SpringFestival
ThefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonthisregardedastheNewYearoftheChinese–theSpringFestival.ItisthemostimportantceremonioustraditionalfestivalinChina.DuringtheSpringFestival,everyfamilyisbusycleaninghouseinthehopeofgettingridofdirtinessandpreventingdiseases.Also,theyneedtopastedoor-god,springfestivalcouplets,andthereversedChinesecharacter"福"(meansblessing),andhangflagsinthehopeofprayingforgoodluckintheNewYear.OntheNewYear'sEve,everyfamilyenjoysagranddinner,shootsofffirecrackers,playsdragondanceandliondance,andstaysuplateorallnight.PeoplewillpayaNewYearcalltooneanotherfromthefirstday,anditisnotuntilthe15thdayofthe1stlunarmonth,namely,theLanternFestival,thattheSpringFestivalisended.
InNewYear'sdays,elderswillputsomemoneyinaredpocket(yasuiqian)andgiveittochildrenasagift.ItisbelievedthatonNewYear'sDayattentionshouldbepaidtoensurenottobreakupanything,orelseonewillmissgoodfortunesinthewholeyear,andthatsweepingthefloorwillsweepoffwealthanddriveawaygoodluck.
TraditionalfoodpreparedfortheSpringFestivalvarieswithcustomsindifferentregions.However,thosewithauspiciousnames,meaningsorshapesarefavored,suchas"NewYearCake"(niangaoinChinese,means"higheryear",suggestingbetterfortuneinthenewyear,andhastheshapeofgoldandsilverblocks),dumplings,theshapeofwhichissimilartoingots,suggestingbringinginwealthandtreasure,aswellasfishsymbolizingamassingfortunes.
1.WhatdopeopledoforprayingforgoodluckintheNewYear?
LanternFestival
LanternFestival,alsocalledShangyuanFestival,iscelebratedonJanuary15ofChineselunarcalendar.ItisthefirstfullmoonnightintheChineselunaryear,symbolizingthecomingbackofthespring.LanternFestivalmayberegardedasthelastdayofSpringFestival,thenew-yearfestivalofChina,inotherwords,theSpringFestivaldoesnotenduntiltheLanternFestivalhaspassed.LastingtoLanternFestival,thebusyatmosphereofSpringFestivalonthatdayshowsnewvisionsandamorousfeelings.LanternFestivalisregardedasagooddayforfamilygather-together.AccordingtothefolkcustomofChina,peopleonthatnightwilllightenupfancylanternsandgoouttoappreciatethemoon,setofffireworks,guessriddleswrittenonlanterns,andeatriceglueballstocelebratethefestival.
ThetraditionaldimsumeatenonLanternFestivaliscalled"yuanxiao"(riceglueball)orcommonlycalled"tangyuan".Ameaningoffamilyreunionandhappinessmaybefeltevenonlyfromsuchname.Yuanxiaohasitsexteriormadeintoaballshapeandwhitesugar,sweetenedbeanpaste,andsesameasthestuffing.Besides,walnutmeat,nuts,andevenmeatcanbeusedasthestuffingaswell.Apartfromtheboilingmanner,yuanxiaomayalsobepreparedthroughdeepfryingandsteamingmanners.
Astimegoesby,theLanternFestivalhasenjoyedmoreandmorecelebratingactivities.Someplacesevenaddtraditionalfolk-customperformancessuchasplayingdragonlantern,LionDancing,stilting,strikinglandboat,doingtheYangko,andstrikingPeaceDrum.TheLanternFestival,atraditionalChinesefestivalwhichhasundergoneahistoryofover2,000years,isstillverypopularbothathomeandabroad,andanypacewhereChinesepeoplelivewillwitnessabusyoccasiononthatday.
1.WhatdopeopledoontheLanternFestivalnow?
DongEthnicPeopleBullFightingFestival
Manyofthe70DongvillagesintheMiao&DongAutonomousPrefecture(自治区)insoutheasternGuizhouholdbullfightcompetitionsinlateJanuaryorearlyFebruaryandlateAugustorearlySeptembereachyear.Theyareheldtwiceeachyear.Thedatedependsonthe‘Hai’dayoftheirlunarcalendar.Thesespeciallytrainedandgroomedbullsdon’ttakepartinthefarmworkgenerally,buttheyarefedspecialfoodlikehoneyandarepampered.TheDongpeopleintheareaofsoutheasternGuizhouenjoythebullfights.Itisgory.Andbullfightspectaclesareapartofmanyoftheirfestivals.Butthetwodayseachyeararefestivalsespeciallyforthebullfights.Theceremonyandspectaclemayinterestsometravellers.
TheceremonybeginswhenyoungmengooutplayingtheirLushengflutes.TheDongpeoplearenotedfortheirmusicalabilityandchoirs.TheUNESCOWorldHeritageOrganizationlistsDongchoirsandtheircomplexchoirmusicasanintangibleworldheritage.Theygotoothervillagestochallengethemtoabullfight.Thenpeoplegoinfrontofthebigkingbullpenandplaytheirflutesinfrontofit.Thisapparentlyenragesthebullsandmakesthemwanttoattackormakesthemnervous.Thenthebullsareledtoabullpenwheretherearemarchedaroundindisplay.
Itisinterestingthatthisceremonyisalsoachanceforyoungpeopletomeeteachother.Thegirlsfromthewinningvillageareallowedtogoandgetabanneroffthedeadanimal.Inordertogetthebannerback,thelosingvillageyoungmenmustmakeafeastofthedeadbullandinvitetheyoungwomen.Thenthemensingforthem,andthegirlsgivebackthevillage’sbanner.Sosomeofthewinningvillagemembersalsogetagoodmealandachoralconcertaswell.
1.WhenarebullfightcompetitionsheldattheDongvillages?
Lincoln'sBirthdayinUnitedStates
Lincoln’sBirthdaycelebratesthebirthdayofAbrahamLincoln,oneofthemostpopularpresidentsinUnitedStateshistory.ItisastateholidayinsomestatesonoraroundFebruary12eachyear.
ThedayisalsoknownasA
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