The Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar.docx
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The Systemic Grammar and Functional Grammar.docx
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TheSystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar
论文:
TheSystemicGrammarandFunctionalGrammar
abstract:
thehistoryanddevelopmentoftherenownedandwell-acceptedsystemic-functionalgrammariselaboratedunderthetitleofsystemicgrammarandfunctionalgrammar.thetheoryismainlyproposedbym.a.k.halliday,andinrecentyears,thehallidayanschoolhasevolvedintoateamofcommittedresearchers.withthegreateffortsofhallidayandotherresearchers,systemic-functionalgrammarhasdevelopedintoapowerfultheory,acceptedbythepublicinthelinguisticworld.
keywords:
systemicgrammar;system;functionalgrammar;metafunction
clcnumber:
h319dolumentcode:
aarticleid:
1672-1578(2011)02-0009-02
introduction:
m.a.k.halliday,astherepresentativeoflondonschoolandthepresenterofsystemic-functionalgrammar,wasbornin1925inengland.hetookhisfirstdegreeinchinesestudiesattheuniversityoflondon,wherehewasgreatlyinfluencedbyhisteacherfirth,thefoundingfatheroflondonschool.later,m.a.k.hallidayfinishedhisgraduatestudyinpekingwithluochangpeiandwangliashisteachersandalsoincambridgeuniversitywithfirthbeinghissupervisor.in1976,hallidayimmigratedtoaustraliaandbecameaprofessorattheuniversityofsydneyandmakesremarkableachievementsonlinguisticstudy,especiallythefoundingofthesystemic-functionalgrammar.
1.theearliestperiodofsystemic-functionalgrammar
asiswellknown,thesystemic-functionalgrammarisdevelopedbym.a.k.halliday,butitishalliday'ssupervisor-firthhadtheoriginalideasinthesystemic-functionalgrammarandinfluencedhallidaydeeplyinhislaterresearch.firthconcentratedonthecontextofsituation,onrestrictedlanguagesandonsystemandstructure.hewasstronglyinfluencedbytheanthropologistmalinnoswkiwhoconsideredlanguageasamodeofaction,ratherthanasacountersignofthought.althoughfirthtriedhisbesttoestablishalinguistictheoryfromtheperspectiveofthecontextofsituation,hisaimwasnotrealizedbyhimselfforhisideaswerefragmentalandnotorganizedsystemically.itishisstudenthallidaywhoinheritsanddevelopsfirth'sideas.
2.systemicgrammar
2.1developmentofthesystemicgrammar:
tobeginwith,theauthorhastoreviewtheswisslinguistdesaussurewhoisthefirstonetoputforwardtheideaoflinguisticsystem.hemadegreatcontributionstolinguisticsbydistinguishingsynchronicfromdiachronic,languefromparoleandsyntagmaticfromparadigmatic.accordingtodesaussure,thesyntagmaticrelationbetweenlinguisticelementsformsstructureandtheparadigmaticoneformssystem.
hallidayfirstmention“system“ingrammaticalcategoriesinmodernchinese(halliday,1956)anddefineditasalinguisticterminologyincategoriesofthetheoryofgrammarin1961.inhispapersomenotesondeepgrammar,halliday(1966)laysthefoundationsforthemodernsystemicgrammar.accordingtohalliday,languageisasystemicresourceforexpressingmeaningincontextandlinguistics,andalsoisthestudyofhowpeopleexchangemeaningsthroughtheuseoflanguage.hisviewoflanguageasasystemicresourceformeaningpotentialnotonlyimpliesthatlanguageisawell-definedsystemof“thesetofallgrammaticalsentences“(halliday,1985),butalsoimpliesthatlanguagemustbestudiedincontextsuchasacademicsetting,advertisements,classroomsandamongfamilymembers,etc.
2.2contentsofthesystemicgrammar.inhisbookanintroductiontofunctionalgrammar,hallidaypointsoutthat“theorganizingconceptisthatofthe“system“,whichisusedessentiallyinfirth'ssenseofafunctionalparadigmbutdevelopedintotheformalconstructofa“systemnetwork“and“asystemnetworkisatheoryoflanguageaschoice.itrepresentsalanguageoranypartofalanguageasasourceformakingmeaningbychoosing.“(hhalliday,1985).andhallidayconsiderslanguageasamulti-layeredsystemwithinwhichdifferentlevelsoflanguageareinterrelatedwitheachother.sothelanguagesystemcanbeinterpretedasakindofoptionalsemanticnetworks.infact,languagesystemisjustageneralideacontainingnumeroussubsystemswhicharedistributedamongdifferentlevelsoflanguage.asystemenablespeopletochoosebetweentwoormoreitemsandtobeadmittedintoonesystemandnottheother.
inotherwords,alanguageconsistsofnetworksofsystem,andeachsystemrepresentsachoiceforspeakersorwriters.itisnotaconsciousdecisionmadeinrealtimebutadecisionmadeamongasetofpossiblealternativechoices,suchasstatementsorquestions,singularorplural,fallingtoneorleveltoneorrisingtone,etc.thesemaybesemantic,grammatical,lexicalorphonologicalchoices.thesysteminvolvesthreesteps:
1)the“entrycondition“2)thesetofpossibleoptionsand3)the“realizations“whicharethestructuralconsequencesofeachoftheoptions.theoptionsstartwiththemostgeneralfeaturesandproceedstepbystepsoastobecomemorespecificfinally.takethetenseasanexampletoillustratetheselectionstakingplacebothwithinandoutsideasystem.asiswellknown,thesystemoftenseincludescategoriesofpasttenseandnon-pasttense.tobeincludedwithinthesystemoftense,theitemsinthesystemmusthavesomekindofindependencywiththesystem,suchastheitembetweenpasttenseandnon-pasttense,thepresenttenseandfuturetense.however,singularwhichwementionaboveisnotparallelinusagewithpasttenseornon-pasttense,soitcannotberegardedasasubsystemwithinthesystemoftense,andwecansayitisoutsideofthetensesystem.onceenteringthesystem,peoplehavetomakechoicebetweenpasttenseandnon-pasttenses.ifthepasttenseischosen,theverbusedinthesentenceshouldbechangedintothepastform,asisoftenthecase,addingthesuffix“ed“or“d“totheverb.ifthenon-pasttensesarechosen,peoplethenhavetomakethesecondchoicebetweenpresenttenseandfuturetensewiththeirfeaturesfollowedtheverb.furthermore,ifthepresenttenseischosen,futureoptionsmaybeprovidedforthefurtherchoiceaccordingtothespecificstateoftheeventdiscussedinaclause.oncethechoicewithinasystembegins,itwillworkthroughdifferentlevelsofthesystemuntiltheendismet.observedfromtheperspectiveoftheparallellevel,hallidaythinksthatlanguageisasleastmadeupofthreelevels,andtherearenolessthantworealizationsprocessesinvolved,andthroughtheseprocesseslanguagebecomesamulti-layeredsystemnetworkinwhichmultiplechoicesaremadetoexpressmeanings.
thesystemoflanguageinsystemic-functionalgrammarmainlydescribesthreemetafunctionsoflanguage,ideationalfunction,interpersonalfunctionandtextualfunction.thefollowingpartwillbetheintroductionsofthefunctionalgrammar.
3.functionalgrammar
3.1developmentofthefunctionalgrammar:
malinowskiin1923wrote:
“languageinitsstructuremirrorstherealcategoriesderivedfromthepracticalattitudesofthechild.“anditwasmalinowskiwhofirstlysawmostclearlythatitwasinthelanguageofyoungchildrenthatexistedthefunctionaloriginsofthelanguagesystem.later,hemodifiedhisview,realizingthatlinguisticresearchhaddemonstratedthattherewasnosuchthingasa“primitivelanguage“-alladultspeechrepresentedthesamehighlysophisticatedleveloflinguisticevolution.(halliday,1973).therefore,nomatterhowabstractandhowcomplexthesocialstructurewithwhichthelanguagesareassociated,allusesoflanguagecanbeexplainedintermsofcertainelementaryfunctions.malinowski'sideaswereratheraheadofhistime,sotheywerenotbackedupbyadequateinvestigationsofthisaspect.halliday(1973)onceargued:
“iflanguagedevelopmentisregardedasthedevelopmentofthemeaningpotentialitbecomespossibletoconsiderthemalinowskianthesisseriously,sincewecanbeginbylookingattherelationbetweenthechild'slinguisticstructuresandtheusesheisputtinglanguageto.“andmalinowskianthesisbringshallidayenlightenmentinhislaterresearchandinvestigationsoftheusesoflanguage.
halliday(1968)firstproposedthefourfunctionalcomponentsinoneofhispapersastheexperientialfunction,logicalfunctional,speechfunctionandinterpersonalfunction.thenintheyear1970hemodifiedthefourcomponentsinanotherpaperwheretheexperientialandlogicalfunctionareformedintoideationalfunction,speechfunctionischangedintotextualfunction,andinterpersonalfunctionisjustasitwas.later,thethreefunctionsarecategorizedunderthenameofmetafunctions.(halliday,m.a.k.1970.languagestructureandlanguagefunction).in1985,hallidaypublishedhisbookanintroductiontofunctionalgrammarwhichsignaledthematurationofthefunctionalgrammar.
3.2contentsofthefunctionalgrammar
3.2.1ideationalmetafunction.afundamentalpropertyoflanguageisthatitenableshumanbeingstobuildamentalpictureofreality,tomakesenseofwhatgoesonaroundthemandinsidethem.whenpeopleusingthelanguagetorepresentthematerialandmentalexperiencesoftheworldaroundusandinsideus,itistheexperientialfunctionthatisrealized,togetherwithlogicalfunctionwhichrelatestotheconnectionsbetweenmessages,andtothewaysinwhichtheseconnectionsaresignaled.thesetwofunctionsconstituteideationalmetafunction,oneofthethreemetafunctions.inclause,itisrealizedbytransitivityandvoice.brieflyspeaking,transitivityisasemanticsystemexpressingtheexperientialmetafunction.itservestodividealltheexperiencesintodifferentprocessesandidentifytheparticipantsandcircumstantialelementsconcernedwithea
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