土木工程外文翻译经典.docx
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土木工程外文翻译经典.docx
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土木工程外文翻译经典
Design,Construction&StructuralDetailsofBurjDubai
ThegoaloftheBurjDubaiTowerisnotsimplytobetheworld'shighestbuilding:
it'stoembodytheworld'shighestaspirations.Thesuperstructureiscurrentlyunderconstructionandasoffall2007hasreachedover160stories.Thefinalheightofthebuildingis2,717feet(828meters).Theheightofthemulti-useskyscraperwill"comfortably"exceedthecurrentrecordholder,the509meter(1671ft)tallTaipei101.The280,000m2 (3,000,000ft2)reinforcedconcretemulti-useBurjDubaitowerisutilizedforretail,aGiorgioArmaniHotel,residentialandoffice.Aswithallsuper-tallprojects,difficultstructuralengineeringproblemsneededtobeaddressedandresolved。
StructuralSystemDescription
BurjKhalifahas"refugefloors"at25to30storyintervalsthataremorefireresistantandhaveseparateairsuppliesincaseofemergency.Itsreinforcedconcretestructuremakesitstrongerthansteel-frameskyscrapers
DesignerspurposelyshapedthestructuralconcreteBurjDubai-"Y"shapedinplan-toreducethewindforcesonthetower,aswellastokeepthestructuresimpleandfosterconstructibility.Thestructuralsystemcanbedescribedasa"buttressed"core(Figures1,2and3).Eachwing,withitsownhighperformanceconcretecorridorwallsandperimetercolumns,buttressestheothersviaasix-sidedcentralcore,orhexagonalhub.Theresultisatowerthatisextremelystifflaterallyandtorsionally.SOMappliedarigorousgeometrytothetowerthatalignedallthecommoncentralcore,wall,andcolumnelements。
Eachtierofthebuildingsetsbackinaspiralsteppingpatternupthebuilding.ThesetbacksareorganizedwiththeTower'sgrid,suchthatthebuildingsteppingisaccomplishedbyaligningcolumnsabovewithwallsbelowtoprovideasmoothloadpath.Thisallowstheconstructiontoproceedwithoutthenormaldifficultiesassociatedwithcolumntransfers
ThesetbacksareorganizedsuchthattheTower'swidthchangesateachsetback.Theadvantageofthesteppingandshapingisto"confusethewind'1.Thewindvorticesnevergetorganizedbecauseateachnewtierthewindencountersadifferentbuildingshape.
TheTowerandPodiumstructuresarecurrentlyunderconstruction(Figure3)andtheprojectisscheduledfortoppingoutin2008。
ArchitecturalDesign
ThecontextoftheBurjDubaibeinglocatedinthecityofDubai,UAE,drovetheinspirationforthebuildingformtoincorporatecultural,historical,andorganicinfluencesparticulartotheregion。
Thecenterhexagonalreinforcedconcretecorewallsprovidethetorsionalresistanceofthestructuresimilartoaclosedtubeoraxle.Thecenterhexagonalwallsarebuttressedbythewingwallsandhammerheadwallswhichbehaveasthewebsandflangesofabeamtoresistthewindshearsandmoments.
Outriggersatthemechanicalfloorsallowthecolumnstoparticipateinthelateralloadresistanceofthestructure;hence,alloftheverticalconcreteisutilizedtosupportbothgravityandlateralloads.ThewallconcretespecifiedstrengthsrangedfromC80toC60cubestrengthandutilizedPortlandcementandflyash
Localaggregateswereutilizedfortheconcretemixdesign.TheC80concreteforthelowerportionofthestructurehadaspecifiedYoung'sElasticModulusof43,800N/mm2(6,350ksi)at90days.Thewallandcolumnsizeswereoptimizedusingvirtualwork.'LaGrangemultipliermethodologywhichresultsinaveryefficientstructure(Bakeretah,2000).ThereinforcedconcretestructurewasdesignedinaccordancewiththerequirementsofACI318-02BuildingCodeRequirementsforStructuralConcrete
Thewallthicknessesandcolumnsizeswerefine-tunedtoreducetheeffectsofcreepandshrinkageontheindividualelementswhichcomposethestructure.Toreducetheeffectsofdifferentialcolumnshortening,duetocreep,betweentheperimetercolumnsandinteriorwalls,theperimetercolumnsweresizedsuchthattheself-weightgravitystressontheperimetercolumnsmatchedthestressontheinteriorcorridorwalls.Thefive(5)setsofoutriggers,distributedupthebuilding,tiealltheverticalloadcarryingelementstogether,furtherensuringuniformgravitystresses:
hence,reducingdifferentialcreepmovements.Sincetheshrinkageinconcreteoccursmorequicklyinthinnerwallsorcolumns,theperimetercolumnthicknessof600mm(24")matchedthetypicalcorridorwallthickness(similarvolumetosurfaceratios)(Figure5)toensurethecolumnsandwallswillgenerallyshortenatthesamerateduetoconcreteshrinkage
ThetopsectionoftheTowerconsistsofastructuralsteelspireutilizingadiagonallybracedlateralsystem.Thestructuralsteelspirewasdesignedforgravity,wind,seismicandfatigueinaccordancewiththerequirementsofAISCLoadandResistanceFactorDesignSpecificationforStructuralSteelBuildings(1999).Theexteriorexposedsteelisprotectedwithaflameappliedaluminumfinish.
AnalysisforGravity
Thestructurewasanalyzedforgravity(includingP-Deltaanalysis),wind,andseismicloadingsbyETABSversion8.4(Figure6).Thethree-dimensionalanalysismodelconsistedofthereinforcedconcretewalls,linkbeams,slabs,raft,piles,andthespirestructuralsteelsystem.Thefull3Danalysismodelconsistedofover73,500shellsand75,000nodes.Underlateralwindloading,thebuildingdeflectionsarewellbelowcommonlyusedcriteria.Thedynamicanalysisindicatedthefirstmodeislateralsideswaywithaperiodof11.3seconds(Figure7).Thesecondmodeisaperpendicularlateralsideswaywithaperiodof10.2seconds.Torsionisthefifthmodewithaperiodof4.3seconds
SiteTestandAnalysis
TheDubaiMunicipality(DM)specifiesDubaiasaUBC97Zone2aseismicregion(withaseismiczonefaciorZ=0.15andsoilprofileSc).Theseismicanalysisconsistedofasitespecificresponsespectraanalysis.SeismicloadingtypicallydidnotgovernthedesignofthereinforcedconcreteTowerstructure.SeismicloadingdidgovernthedesignofthereinforcedconcretePodiumbuildingsandtheTowerstructuralsteelspire
Dr.MaxIrvine(withStructuralMechanics&DynamicsConsultingEngineerslocatedinSydneyAustralia)developedsitespecificseismicreportsfortheprojectincludingaseismichazardanalysis.Thepotentialforliquefactionwasinvestigatedbasedonseveralacceptedmethods;itwasdeterminedthatliquefactionisnotconsideredtohaveanystructuralimplicationsforthedeepseatedTowerfoundations.
Inadditiontothestandardcubetests,theraftconcretewasfieldtestedpriortoplacementbyflowtable(Figure10).L-box,V-BoxandtemperatureTheTowerfoundationsconsistofapilesupportedraft.Thesolidreinforcedconcreteraftis3.7meters(12ft)thickandwaspouredutilizingC50(cubestrength)selfconsolidatingconcrete(SCC).Theraftwasconstructedinfour(4)separatepours(threewingsandthecentercore).Eachraftpouroccurredoveratleasta24hourperiod.Reinforcementwastypicallyat300mmspacingintheraft,andarrangedsuchthatevery10lhbarineachdirectionwasomitted,resultinginaseriesof"pourenhancementstrips"throughouttheraftatwhich600mmx600mmopeningsatregularintervalsfacilitatedaccessandconcreteplacement.
TheTowerraftissupportedby194boredcast-in-placepiles.Thepilesare1.5meterindiameterandapproximately43meterslongwithadesigncapacityof3,000tonneseach.TheTowerpileloadtestsupportedover6,000tonnes(Figure12).TheC60(cubestrength)SCCconcretewasplacedbythetremiemethodutilizingpolymerslurry.Thefrictionpilesaresupportedinthenaturallycementedcalcisiltiteconglomeritic聚结calcisiltitefomiationsdevelopinganultimatepileskinfrictionof250to350kPa(2.6to3.6tons/ft).Whentherebarcagewasplacedinthepiles,specialattentionwaspaidtoorienttherebarcagesuchthattheraftbottomrebarcouldbethreadedthroughthenumerouspilerebarcageswithoutinterruption,whichgreatlysimplifiedtheraftconstruction.
1.ThesitegeotechnicalinvestigationconsistedofthefollowingPhases。
PhaseI;23Boreholes(threewithpressuremetertesting)withdepthsupto90m.
2.Phase2:
3Boreholesdrilledwithcross-holegeophysics.。
Phase3:
6Boreholes(twowithpressuremetertesting)withdepthsupto60m。
Phase4:
1Boreholewithcross-holeanddown-holegophysics;depth=140m
3Dfoundationsettlementanalysis
Adetailed3Dfoundationsettlementanalysiswascarriedout(byHyderConsultingLtd.,UK)basedontheresultsofthegeotechnicalinvestigationandthepileloadtestresults.Itwasdeterminedthemaximumlong-termsettlementovertimewouldbeaboutamaximumof80mm(3.1").Thissettlementwouldbeagradualcurvatureofthetopofgradeovertheentirelargesite.WhentheconstructionwasatLevel135,theaveragefoundationsettlementwas30mm(1.2").ThegeotechnicalstudieswerepeerreviewedbybothMr.ClydeBakerofSTSConsultants,Ltd.(Chicago,IL,USA)andbyDr.HarryPoulosofCoffeyGeosciences(Sydney,Australia).
ThegroundwaterinwhichtheBurjDubaisubstructureisconstructedisparticularlysevere,withchlorideconcentrationsofupto4.5%,andsulfatesofupto0.6%.Thechlorideandsulfateconcentrationsfoundinthegroundwaterareevenhigherthantheconcentrationsinseawater.Accordingly,theprimaryconsiderationindesigningthepilesandraftfoundationwasdurability.Theconcretemixforthepileswasa60MPamixbasedonatripleblendwith25%flyash,7%silicafume,andawatertocementratioof0.32.Theconcretewasalsodesignedasafullyselfconsolidatingconcrete,incorporatingaviscositymodifyingadmixturewithaslumpflowof675+/-75mmtolimittheposs
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