语言学考试题型标准答案.docx
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语言学考试题型标准答案.docx
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语言学考试题型标准答案
题型
I.简答题5×1’=5’
例:
类似于自由词素、词根、词干、连着词素、曲折词素等待解释
II.判断正误T/F20×1’=20’
例:
动词是逆构词法中产生最多的词。
III.单项选择题20’
例:
奥斯丁、姆斯金、德莱斯提出的理论?
IV.写音标10×1’=10’
P35~36
V.划分词素10×3×0.5’=15’
VI.翻译10×1’=10’
分英翻汉和汉翻英
例:
合作原则、聚合关系、组合关系、曲折后缀、词缀、前缀、后缀
VII.选择答题2×5’=10’
VIII.树形图
给词,分析意思,是否有歧义?
用树形图解释出来。
样卷A
I.
1.displacement
2.pragnatics
3.stem
4.syntax
5.hyponymy
II.T/F
9.Langisarbitrarytothesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.F
10.Themeaning-distinctivefunctionofthetoneisespeciallyimportantinEnglishbecauseEnglish,unlikeChinese,isatypicaltonelanguage.F
11.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinumber,andyetthereisnolimittotheumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.F
12.Agreementistherequirementthattheformsoftwoormorewordsinasyntacticrelationshipshouldagreewitheachintermsofcategories.T
13.SpeechActTheoryisthefirstmajortheoryinthestudyoflanguageinuse;itoriginatedwithJohnLangsShawAustin.T
14.
15.Vibretionofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoucing.F?
16.Theword“flower”isthesuperordinateofthetyponyms“rose”“tulip”and“rose”.T
17.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcommunication.T
18.TheEnglishsound[m]isabilabialnasalvoice.T
19.AstudyofthefeaturesoftheChineseusedintheTangDynastyindiachronicstudy.T?
20.WhileEnglishhasborrowedmostheavilyformFrench,otherlanguageshavealsomadetheircontributions.F
21.Inflectionalaffixsarethosewhosemajorfunctionistoattachthemselvestothemorphemestoformanewword.F
22.Asyllablewithoutacodaisaclosedsyllable.F
23.Onlywordsofthesamepartsofspeechcanbecombinedtoformcompounds.F
24.Thephrase“greenhouse”withthefirstelementstressedmeans“ahousewhichisgreenincolour”F
25.Sentencesarenotformedbyrandomlycombininglexicalitems,butfollowingasetofsyntacticrulesthatarrangelinguisticelementsinaparticularorder.F
26.Thecompoundword“bookstore”istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningofitscompounments.F
27.Onlywhenamaximundercooperativeprincipleisblatantlyviolatedcanthehearerknowthatit’sbeingviolatedandconversationalimplicationsarise.T
28.Theword“photographically”ismadeupof4morphemes.T
III.
29.ThefamousquotationfromRomeoandJulietarosebyanyothernameworldsmellassweetwellillustrates:
theconventionalnatureoflanguage.
30.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalysesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,it’sasaidtobe:
descriptive.
31.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?
Phonology
32.Phonetially,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement.
33.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronic
……
36.Theword“trasist~”isformedthrough:
lending
37.Numberisagrammaticalcategoryusedfortheanalysisofclasseddisplayingsuchcontrastsassingular,dual,plural,etc.InEnglish,numberismainlyobservedinnouns.
38.Concordisatypeofcontrolovertheformofsomewordsbyotherwordsincertainsyntacticconstructions.
39.Chomskyusesthetermperformancetorefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticcom.
40.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation,thefollowingsounds[t][s][d][z][n]sharethefeatureofP35
41.TranslateformationalGenerativeCrammerwasintroducedbyN.Chomskyin1957.
42.Therelationshipbetween“married/single”iscomplementary.
43.Ofthe3speechacts,linguistsaremostinterestedintheillocutionaryactbecauseofthiskindofspeechactisidenticalwiththespeaker’sintention.
44.Thepairofwords“lend”and“borrow”aresynomy~s.
45.Thefunctionofthesentence“Aniceday,isn’tit?
”is寒暄
46.
47.Wecandothingswithwords“this”ismainideaofthespeechacttheory.
48.Theutterance“wearealreadyworking25hoursaday,8daysaweek”obviouslyviolatesthemaximofquantity.
IV.
49.voicelessdentalfricative
50.highfronttenseunroundedvowel
51.voicedalveolarstop
52.highbacktenseroundedvowel
53.voicelessbilabialstop
54.voicedlabiodentalfricative
V.
55.Whatarethe4maximsofthecooperativePrinciple?
56.Whatarethedistinctionsbetweeninflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix?
VIII.
Leavethebookontheshelf.
1leave the book on the shelf
Putthebookontheshelf.
2leave book on the shelf
Keepawayfromthebookontheshelf
1.Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
2.DesignFeaturesofLanguage
Arbitrariness(Saussure)
Thisfeaturemeansthattheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeanings.
Duality
Theelementsofthespokenlanguagearesoundsthatdonotconveymeaninginthemselves.
Creativity
Bycreativitywemeanlanguageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness.
Displacement
Thismeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.
3.FunctionsofLanguage
(1)InformativeFunction
Languageservesaninformativefunctionwhenitisusedtotellwhatthespeakerthinks,togiveinformationaboutfacts.
(2)Interpersonalfunction
Thisisbyfarthemostimportantsocio-logicaluseoflanguage.Peopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.
(3)PerformativeFunction
Thisfunctionisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons.Thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized.
(4)Emotivefunction
Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitissocrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.
(5)Phaticcommunion
Itreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguagewhichisusedforestablishinganatmosphereormaintainingsocialcontactratherthanforexchanginginformationorideas.Greetings,farewellsandcommentsontheweatherservethisfunction.
(6)Recreationalfunction
Thisfunctionreferstotheuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit.
(7)Metalingualfunction
Ourlanguagecanbeusedtotalkaboutlanguageitself.
4.Whatislinguistics?
Linguisticsisscientificdisciplinewiththegoalofdescribinglanguageandspeechinallrelevanttheoreticalandpracticalaspectsandtheirrelationtoadjoiningdisciplines.
5.MainBranchesofLinguistics
*Phonetics
Itstudiesspeechsounds,includingtheproductionofspeech,thatishowspeechsoundsareactuallymade,transmittedandreceived,thesoundsofspeech,thedescriptionandclassificationofspeechsounds,wordsandconnectedspeech.
*Morphology
Itisconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning---morphemesandword-formationprocesses.
*Phonology
Itstudiestherulesgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.Itdealswithsoundsystemofalanguagebytreatingphonemeasthepointofdeparture.
*Syntax
ItisaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectEnglishsentences.Theformorstructureofasentenceisgovernedbytherulesofsyntax.Theserulesspecifywordorder,sentenceorganization,andtherelationshipsbetweenwords,wordclassesandothersentenceelements.
*Semantics
Itexamineshowmeaningisencodedinalanguage.Itisnotonlyconcernedwithmeaningsofwordsaslexicalitems,butalsowithlevelsoflanguagebelowthewordandaboveit.
*Pragmatics
Itisthestudyofmeaningincontext.Itdealswithparticularutterancesinparticularsituationsandisespeciallyconcernedwiththevariouswaysinwhichthemanysocialcontextsoflanguageperformancecaninfluenceinterpretation.
6.ImportantDistinctionsinLinguistics
*Descriptivevs.prescriptive
AlinguisticstudyisDESCRIPTIVEifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisPRESCRIPTIVEittriestolaydownrulesfor“correct”behavior.
*Synchronicvs.diachronic
Synchronicdescriptionreferstoalanguagedescriptionatsomepointintime;
Diachronicdescriptionisaboutalanguagedescriptionasitchangesthroughtime.
*Langue&parole
LANGUEreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity;
PAROLEreferstotheactualizedlanguage,orrealizationoflangue.
*Competence&performance
Competenceistheideallanguageuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage;
Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterance.
7.CONSONANTSandVOWELS
Consonantsareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity;
Avowelisproducedwithoutsuchobstructionsonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.
8.MannersofArticulation
*Stop(orplosive)(爆破音):
completeclosureofthearticulatorsinvolvedsothattheair-streamcannotescapethroughthemouth.
Therearetwokindsofstops:
oralstopsandnasalstops
*Fricative(摩擦音):
closeapproximationoftwoarticulatorssothattheair-streamispartiallyobstructedandturbulentairflowisproduced.
*Approximant(无
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