Unit one and nine.docx
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Unit one and nine.docx
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Unitoneandnine
UnitOneLegalEducation
legaleducationistheeducationofindividualswhointendtobecomelegalprofessionalsorthosewhosimplyintendtousetheirlawdegreetosomeend,eitherrelatedtolaworbusiness,itincludes:
firstdegreesinlaw,whichmaybestudiedateitherundergraduateorgraduateleveldependingonthecountry,vocationalcourseswhichprospectivelawyersarerequiredtopassinsomecountriesbeforetheymayenterpractice,higheracademicdegrees
legaleducationindifferentcountries
inadditiontoqualificationsrequiredtobecomeapracticinglawyer,legaleducationalsoencompasseshigherdegreessuchasdoctorates,formoreadvancedacademicstudy.
inmanycountriesotherthantheUnitedStates,lawisanundergraduatedegree,Graduatesofsuchaprogramareeligibletobecomelawyersbypassingthecountry'sequivalentofabarexam.Insuchcountries,graduateprogramsinlawenablestudentstoembarkonacademiccareersorbecomespecializedinaparticularareaoflaw.
IntheUnitedStates,lawisagraduatedegree,whichstudentsembarkupononlyaftercompletinganundergraduatedegreeinsomeotherfield(usuallyabachelor'sdegree),andisconsideredtobeagraduateofprofessionalschoolprogram.Theundergraduatedegreecanbeinanyfield,thoughmostAmericanlawyersholdbachelor'sdegreesinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences;legalstudiesasanundergraduatestudyisavailableatafewinstitutions.Americanlawschoolsareusuallyanautonomousentitywithinalargeruniversity.
Facultyoflawisanothernameforalawschoolorschooloflaw,thetermscommonlyusedintheUnitedStates.ThistermisusedinCanada,othercommonwealthcountriesandtherestoftheworld.Itmaybedistinguishablefromlawschoolinthesensethatafacultyisasubdivisionofauniversityonthesamerankwithotherfaculties,i.e.facultyofmedicine,facultyofgraduatestudies,whereasalawschoolorschooloflawmayhaveamoreautonomousstatuswithinauniversity,ormaybetotallyindependentofanyotherpost-secondaryeducationalinstitution.
Inadditioninsomecountries,includingtheUnitedKingdom,CanadaandsomestatesofAustralia,thefinalstagesofvocationallegaleducationrequiredtoqualifytopracticelawarecarriedoutoutsidetheuniversitysystem.
Theeducationalprerequisitestobecomingalawyerindifferentcountries
Insomecountries,lawistaughtbyafacultyoflaw,whichisadepartmentofauniversity’sgeneralundergraduatecollege.LawstudentsinthosecountriespursueaMasterorBachelorofLawsdegree.Insomecountriesitiscommonorevenrequiredforstudentstoearnanotherbachelor’sdegreeatthesametime.NoristheLL.B(BachelorofLaw)thesoleobstacle;itisoftenfollowedbyaseriesofadvancedexaminations,apprenticeships,andadditionalcourseworkatspecialgovernmentinstitutes.
Inothercountries,particularlytheUnitedStates,lawisprimarilytaughtatlawschools.IntheUnitedStatesandcountriesfollowingtheAmericanmodel,(suchasCanadawiththeexceptionoftheprovinceofQuebec)lawschoolaregraduate/professionalschoolswhereabachelor’sdegreeisaprerequisiteforadmission.Mostlawschoolsarepartofuniversitiesbutafewareindependentinstitutions.LawschoolsintheUnitedStates(andsomeinCanadaandelsewhere)awardgraduatingstudentsaJ.D.(JurisDoctor/DoctorofJurisprudence)(asopposedtotheBachelorofLaws)asthepractitioner’slawdegree.However,likeotherprofessionaldoctorates(includingtheM.D.),theJ.D.isnottheexactequivalentofthePh.D.,sinceitdoesnotrequirethesubmissionofafulldissertationbasedonoriginalresearch.Manyschoolsalsoofferpost-doctorallawdegreessuchastheLL.M(LegumMagister/Masteroflaws),ortheS.J.D.(ScientiaeJuridicaeDoctor/DoctorofthescienceofLaw)forstudentsinterestedinadvancingtheirknowledgeandcredentialsinaspecificareaoflaw.
Themethodsandqualityoflegaleducation
Somecountriesrequireextensiveclinicaltrainingintheformofapprenticeshipsorspecialclinicalcourses.Othersdonot,likeVenezuela.Afewcountriesprefertoteachthroughassignedreadingsofjudicialopinions(thecasebookmethod)followedbyintensein-classcross-examinationbytheprofessor(theSocraticMethod).Manyothershaveonlylecturesonhighlyabstractlegaldoctrines,whichforcesyounglawyerstofigureouthowtoactuallythinkandwritelikealawyerattheirfirstapprenticeship(orjob).
TheCasebookMethod
Thecasebookmethod,alsoknownasthecasemethod,istheprimarymethodofteachinglawinlawschoolsintheUnitedStates.ItwaspioneeredatHarvardLawSchoolbyChristopherColumbusLangdell.Itisbasedontheprinciplethatratherthanstudyinghighlyabstractsummariesoflegalrules(thetechniquestillusedinmostcountries),thebestwayt
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