A Contrastive Study of Genderdifferentiated Paired Words Between English and Chinese.docx
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AContrastiveStudyofGenderdifferentiatedPairedWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese
AContrastiveStudyofGender-differentiatedPairedWordsBetweenEnglishandChinese
AThesisSubmittedto
SchoolofForeignStudies,AnhuiUniversity
inPartialFulfillmentoftheRequirementsfor
theDegreeofMasterofArts
By
LanLan
Supervisor:
ZhuYue
May10,2005
Acknowledgements
Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmyheartfeltthankstoalltheteachersandfriendswhohaveofferedmeallkindsofhelpinaccomplishingthisthesis.
Firstofall,Iowegreatgratitudetomysupervisor,ProfessorZhuYue,whoseinsightfulsuggestionsandconstructivecommentshavecontributedalottomyresearch.Itisunderhispatientguidance,incisivecriticismanddetailedrevisionthatthisthesiscanfinallyassumeitspresentshape.Withouthisguidance,thecompletionofthisthesiswouldnothavebeenpossible.
Likewise,Iwouldliketoextendmythankstoallmyteacherswhoselectureshavegivenmeconsiderableinstructionandinspiration.TheyareProfessorChenZhengfa,ProfessorHongZengliu,ProfessorHuaQuankun,ProfessorTianDebei,ProfessorWangXiaoling,ProfessorZhangMing,ProfessorZhouFangzhu,Dr.ZhuXiaomei,Dr.HuJianandDr.YangLing.
IowemygratitudetomycolleaguesandfriendsfromwhomIhavereceivedgeneroushelp.
Inaddition,Iamalsogratefultopeoplewhohaveparticipatedintheresearchandofferedtheirkindcooperationandsupportduringthephaseofdatacollection.
Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomyfamilyfortheirsincereconcernandconstantsupport.
Abstract
InboththeEnglishlanguageandtheChineselanguage,manymalewordsandfemalewordsaresymmetricalinform.However,whethertheseseeminglyparallelwordsaresymmetricalfromtheperspectiveofpragmaticshasalwaysbeenahottopicformanylinguists.Amongthem,linguistLindaBeboutmadesomeinvestigationsoncertaingender-pairedwords.Specifically,Beboutcomparedtheusagesandperceivedmeaningsofthewordpairslady/gentleman,woman/man,andgirl/boyin1994withthoseofadecadeago.InChina,therearesomearticlesongender-relatedwords.ButarticlesonthecomparisonandcontrastoftheChineseandEnglishgender-differentiatedpairedwordsintheirdenotationandconnotationareonlyafew.BasedonBebout’sstudies,thisthesisisatentativeendeavortomakeacontrastivestudyonEnglishandChinesegender-differentiatedpairedwordsintheirdenotationandconnotationinanefforttoseeinwhataspectstheyaresimilarordifferent.
Whathasbeenobtainedfromtheauthor’sinvestigationcanbesummarizedasfollows:
ThewordladyanditsChineseequivalent女士aresimilarintermsofgeneralization.Ononehand,lady/女士isusedasaeuphemismforwoman/女人;ontheotherhand,lady/女士isstilldistinguishedfromwoman/女人bythetraditionalattributesofso-calledgentilityforsomespeakers.GentlemanisstillconsideredtobeaparticulartypeofmalebymanyEnglishspeakers,whereasitsChineseequivalent男士showsatendencytowardsgeneralization.BothgentlemananditsChineseequivalent男士areseldomusedasalabelforlower-statusoccupations.Woman/女人containsmoresexualconnotationsthanman/男人.InChina,peopleseldomcallfemalesunder20yearsold女人,whereasthetermwomanhascomeintofashionasthegenerallabelforafemaleofuniversityageinEnglishspeakingcountries.ThemaximumagesforChinese女孩andChinese男孩arewiderthanthemaximumagesfortheirEnglishcounterparts.Lady/女士andgentleman/男士appearmoreoftenforthesociallydistantpeerthanfortheclosepeerinbothEnglishandChinese.Intermsofself-preference,womanandladyarethemostfavoredtermsforfemalesbetween17yearsoldand30yearsoldinEnglishspeakingcountries.Chinesefemalesinthisagegroupprefertobecalled女孩.
Thethesishasbeendividedintofivechapters.Chapteroneservesasageneralreviewofthetheoryofcontrastivestudyandthestudiesongender-differentiatedlanguageusesmadebythescholarsbothathomeandabroad.Itishopedthatthisreviewprovidesthebackgroundforthecontrastiveanalysisofgender-differentiatedpairedwords.ChaptertwofocusesontherelevantsemanticasymmetryinEnglishgender-relatedwords.Chapterthreeisabouttheaimsofthestudyandmethodologicalproblemsfocusingonresearchmethodsandproceduresoftheinvestigation.Inchapterfour,detaileddataanalysisispresented.Chapterfivesummarizesthekeypointsofthewholethesis.
Keywords:
Chinese;English;malewords;femalewords;contrastivestudy
摘要
在英汉两种语言中,阴、阳语义名词在形式上对称,而在语用上是否对称一直为语言学家所关注。
其中LindaBebout于1984年至1994年间对英语语言中常用的阴性和阳性对应词“lady/gentleman”,“woman/man”,“girl/boy”等进行了长达十年的调查与研究,以追踪英语中阴性名词与阳性名词的语义发展以及语用变化情况。
在我国已经发表了一些对英语和汉语阴性语义名词与阳性语义名词的语义进行研究的文章,但是英汉相关对比研究没有系统地论述。
本文主要以LindaBebout的研究为基础,对一些英汉阴、阳对应词进行对比研究,以揭示英、汉两种语言在性别对称词方面所具有的特征。
从所采集的数据来看:
无论是在英语中还是在汉语中,一方面“lady”或“女士”常常被用来作为“woman”或“女人”这个词的委婉说法,另一方面,“lady”和“女士”还保留有文雅华贵之意。
“Gentleman”在英语中仍然属于有标记词,被用来指代某种特定类型的男性。
而与英语中的“gentleman”相比,汉语中的“男士”这个词出现了泛化的趋势。
汉语中的“男士”这个词与英语中的“gentleman”在使用中具有一定的相似性,通常都不用于称呼那些“社会地位较低”的人。
无论是英语中的“woman”,还是汉语中“女人”,都常常蕴涵有“性成熟”或“性行为”的暗示。
尽管“女人”这个词在汉语中通常不用来称呼20岁以下的女性,“woman”这个词却越来越受到美国女大学生的青睐。
英、汉语言对“女孩”年龄的对比结果表明在汉语中人们对“女孩”最大年龄的理解通常比英语要大。
英、汉语言在对“男孩”最大年龄段的理解上也有所不同。
在整体上,美国人眼中的“男孩”要比中国人眼中的“男孩”要小。
无论是在英语中还是汉语中,“lady”和“gentleman”或者“女士”和“男士”常用来指代关系不密切的人。
在17-30这个年龄段里的中国女性大多数偏爱被称呼为“女孩”,而同一年龄段的美国女性却偏爱被称呼为“woman”或是“lady”。
全文共分为五章。
第一章介绍了对比语言学的历史及其发展,并对国内外主要学者在语言和性别方面的研究进行了概述,为本论文阴阳词的对比研究奠定基础。
第二章讨论了英语中存在的不对称现象,为下一章做铺垫。
第三章对本次研究中的目标、方法及程序作了必要的论述。
文章的第四章依据所收集的语料,对英汉语言中常用的三组阳性和阴性对应词进行分析。
第五章对论文中心要点进行了总结。
关键词:
汉语;英语;阳性词;阴性词;对比研究
Contents
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Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………
Abstract(English)……………………………………………………………………
Abstract(Chinese)………………………………………………………………
ChapterOneIntroduction…………………………………………………………
1.1Introductiononcontrastivelinguistics………………………………
1.1.1Definitionofcontrastivelinguistics……………………………………
1.1.2Theoreticalcontrastivestudiesandappliedcontrastivestudies…………
1.1.3Thehistoryofcontrastivelinguistics……………………………………
1.1.4Twosourcesofcontrastivelinguistics……………………………………
1.1.5Recentdevelopment……………………………………………………
1.1.6ThepresentsituationofcontrastivelinguisticsinChina………………
1.2Asurveyoftherelevantstudiesongender-differentiatedlanguage
useshomeandabroad…………………………………………………………
1.2.1Thestudiesongender-differentiatedlanguageusesabroad………………
1.2.2Thestudiesongender-differentiatedlanguageusesathome…………
1.3Generalorganizationofthethesis…………………………………………
ChapterTwoSemanticAsymmetryinEnglishGender-relatedWords………
2.1Namingandaddressingterms………………………………………………
2.1.1Markedandunmarkedforms…………………………………………
2.1.2Honorifictitles…………………………………………………………
2.1.3Occupationalterms…………………………………………………………
2.2Wordorder……………………………………………………………………
2.3Genericuseofmasculineforms………………………………………………
2.3.1Genericuseofmanandhe………………………………………………
2.3.2Genericuseofothermasculineterms……………………………………
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2.4Semanticderogationofwomen………………………………………………
ChapterThreeMethodologyandProcedures……………………………………
3.1Thepurposeofthisthesis……………………………………………………
3.2Backgroundofthestudy……………………………………………………
3.3Researchmethodologyandprocedures……………………………………
3.3.1Questionnaire………………………………………………………………
3.3.2Subjects……………………………………………………………………
ChapterFourResultsandDiscussions……………………………………………
4.1Generalizationoflady…………………………………………………………..
4.2Asymmetryonstatus…………………………………………………………
4.3Sexualconnotation……………………………………………………………
4.4Agerangesforparallelwords…………………………………………………
4.5Preferences……………………………………………………………………
ChapterFiveConclusion…………………………………………………………
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………
AppendixⅠ………………………………………………………………………….
AppendixⅡ………………………………………………………………………….
AppendixⅢ…………………………………………………………………………
AppendixⅣ…………………………………………………………………………
Tables
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Table1Distributionofsubjectsbysexofrespondentsandsexofquestionnaire……
Table2Thepercentageofrespondentsdescribingtheimagedcalleraswell-dressed(Bebout’sfirststudy)…………………………………………………………………
Table3Thepercentageofrespondentsdescribingtheimagedcalleraswell-dressed(Bebout’ssecondstudy)………………………………………………………………
Table4ThepercentageofChineserespondentsdescribingtheimagedcalleraswell-dressed……………………………………………………………………………
Table5Respondentsindicatinglady/女士possessingsomedesirablequalities………
Table6Usinglady/womaninaninformalsituation(Bebout’sfirststudy)……………
Table7Usinggentleman/maninaninformalsituation(Bebout’sfirststudy)…………
Table8Usinglady/womaninaninformalsituation(Bebout’ssecondstudy)…………
Table9Usinggentleman/maninaninformalsituation(Bebout’ssecondstudy)…………………………………………………………………………………
Table10Using女士/女人inaninformalsituation…………………………………
Table11Using男士/男人inaninformalsituation…………………………………
Table12Thepercentageofusing男士/男人describingamalecleaner……………
Table13Intermsofpronominallabelsforfemalesinlower-statusoccupations(Bebout’sfirststudy)…………………………………………………………………
Table14Intermsofpronominallabelsforfemalesinlower-statusoccupations(Bebout’ssecondstudy)………………………………………………………………
Table15Intermsofpronominallabelsforfemalesinhigher-statusoccupations(Bebout’sfirststudy)…………………………………………………………………
Table16Intermsofpronominallabelsforfemalesinhigher-statusoccupations(Bebout’ssecondstudy)………………………………………………………………
Table17PronominallabelsforCh
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