语法词类.docx
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语法词类.docx
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语法词类
名词
(一)名词的分类
名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词要注意单复数。
(二)名词的数
1、可数名词与不可数名词
A、不可数名词,中学阶段常见的不可数名词有:
water;meat;rice;bread;milk;tea;orange(桔汁);fruit;air;snow;chalk;work;paper(纸);time(时间);music;weather;grass;news;food;fish(鱼肉);coke;porridge;cake(可数或不可数).不可数名词应注意以下几点:
1)前无冠,后无复;作主语为三单.
2)表量用约数some/any;much;alotof
eg.Thereis____breadonthetable.[]
A.aB.oneC.apieceofD.many
Thereissome_______ontheplate.[]
A.appleB.fishC.milksD.deer
2、可数名词的复数
不规则变化:
man——menm,woman——women,policeman——policemen,foot——feet,tooth——teeth,child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen,mouse—mice
注意:
①potato—potatoes;tomato—tomatoes
②单复同形:
fish;sheep;deer;Chinese;Japanese
③由man,woman在词首构成的复合名词应将两部分都变成复数(mandoctor—mendoctors)
④reef—reefs
⑤“某国人”的复数:
口诀是“
eg.German—Germans
⑥有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。
eg:
cloth布——,acloth桌布、抹布;
sand沙——sands沙滩;
tea茶——atea一杯茶;
orange橘汁——anorange橘子;
glass玻璃——aglass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜;
paper纸——apaper试卷、论文;
wood木头——awood小森林;
room空间、余地——aroom房间
fruit——fruits;food——foods;fish——fishes;drink——adrink;
3、名词所有格:
名词’s(意思是“……的”)
A.有生命的名词所有格,一般在后加“’s”;
注意:
1)表两者共有则在后者加“’s”
LucyandLily’sfather露西和莉莉的父亲
Lucy’sandLily’sfathers露西的父亲和莉莉的父亲.
2)以s结尾的词只加“’”
eg.1)theboys’books2)James’father
3)无生命的名词所有格用of来引导
eg.thelegofthedesk
4)双重所有格:
afriendofmyfather’s
afriendofmine(√)afriendofmy(×)
练习
一、写出下列词的复数
1.book______2.bus______3.orange_______
4.baby______5.boy______6.my________
7.his_______8.knife______9.watch________
10.sheep______11.tooth_____12.leaf____
13.German__________14.Chinese_________
二、选择正确的答案
()1.—Arethose______?
---No,theyaren’t.They’re_____.
A.sheep;cowsB.sheep;cow
C.sheeps;cowD.sheeps;cows
()2.Mum,I’mquitethirsty.Pleasegiveme____.
A.twoorangeB.twobottlesoforange
C.twobottlesorangeD.twobottlesoforanges
()3.Ihavegot___newsfrommyfriend.Doyouwanttoknow?
A.averygoodB.any
C.apieceofD.twopieces
()4.___roomisonthe5thfloor.
A.LucyandLilyB.LucyandLily’s
C.Lucy’sandLilyD.Lucy’sandLily’s
()5.EverymorningMr.Smithtakesa____tohisoffice.
A.20minutes’walkB.20minute’swalk
C.20-minuteswalkD.20-minutewalk
()6.ThisisJamesAllanGreen.Wecancallhim____.
A.Mr.GreenB.Mr.Allan
C.Mr.JamesD.JamesGreen
()7.JackandTomare____.
A.goodfriendsB.goodfriend
C.agoodfriendD.goodafriend
()8.It’sonlyaboutten____walktothenearestpostoffice.
A.minutesB.minute’sC.minutes’D.minute
()9.Heoftenhas____forbreakfast.
A.twobreadsB.twopieceofbreads
C.twopiecesofbreadD.twopiecesofbreads
()10.Mrs.Greenhastwo____.They’reverybright.
A.childsB.childC.children’sD.children
()11.WhatdidtheheadmastersayaboutJim’s______.
A.twomonthsholidayB.twomonths’holiday
C.two-monthholidayD.twomonth’sholidays
()12.Iwon’tgotherewithyou,forIhavealotof____todo.
A.worksB.jobC.workD.working
()13.LiLeiisafriendof___.
A.IsisterB.mysister’s
C.mesisterD.mysisterof
()14.Haveyouread____?
A.today’sB.todaypaper
C.thetoday’spaperD.today’spaper
()15.Howmany___arethereintheroom?
A.boxesB.boxC.boxsD.boxxes
()16.Many____havebeenbuiltinourcitysince1987.
A.factorysB.factories
C.factoryesD.factorys
()17.Therearelotsof___inthebasketonthetable.
A.tomatosB.tomatoC.tomatoesD.tomatoss
()18.Thecatcaughttwo___lastnight.
A.mousesB.miceC.mouseD.mices
()19.Jackwenttohavetwo___pulledoutyesterdayafternoon.
A.toothsB.toothC.teethD.toothes
()20.Inourschooltherearefifty-five___.
A.womenteachersB.womanteachers
C.womenteacherD.woman’steacher
()21.Thethree___willbeputintoprison.
A.thiefsB.thiefC.thievesD.thiefs’
练习题答案:
1——5ABCBD6—10AACCD
11—15CCBDA16—21BCBCAC
介词
1.时间
1)at+具体时刻
2)on+具体某天(具体某天的上、下午等;星期词;以及上、下午词前有修饰词时)
3)in+年、月、季节及一天中的某部分
口诀:
at时间点,in指日月年
On指具体某一天早中晚
但注意:
atnight=inthenightatnoon
atthis/thattimeatChristmas
eg.1.___themorning2.___Mondaymorning
3.___arainyevening4.___3:
505.__2002
6.___themorningofApril107.___spring
8.___night9.___thistime10.___March
另外注意:
在时间词(morning,afternoon,evening;Sunday…)前有last,next,this,that时,不再用介词.tomorrow,tonight前也不用介词。
2.地点:
at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。
例如:
eg.1)Hearrived___Shanghaiyesterday.
2)Theyarrived___asmallvillagebeforedark.
3)Thereisabighole____thewall.
4)Theteacherputupapicture____thewall.
3.方位
in(范围内);on(范围外且接壤);to(范围外但不接壤)。
可表示为下图的位置关系
eg.1)TaiwanisinthesoutheastofChina.
2)HubeiisonthenorthofHunan.
3)JapanistotheeastofChina.
cross:
动词“跨过,越过”=goacross
4.across:
(表面)跨过
through:
(内部)穿过,贯穿介词
eg.1)Canyouswim_____theriver?
2)Theroadruns__________theforest.
3)_____thebridge,you’llfindacinema.
5.in+时间段:
与将来时连用
after+时间段:
与过去时连用
但after+时间点:
可与将来时连用。
1)I’llleave_______threeo’clock..Thatis,I’llleave________abouttenminutes.
2)Theyleft_______twoweeks.
6.inthetree(外加在树上的事物)
onthetree(树上自身具有的花、果、叶等)
inthewall(镶嵌在墙内部的事物)
7.onthewall(墙表面的事物)
1)Thereisamap___thewall
2)Therearefourwindows___thewall.
8.bybike/bus/car/ship(单数且无冠词)
但当这些交通工具名词前有其它修饰词时,则应使用相应的介词。
eg.bybike=ona(the;his)bike
bycar=ina(the;her)car
on:
在…(表面)上——接触
9.over:
在…的正上方
above:
在…的斜上方未接触
1)Themoonrose______thehill.
2)Thereisabridge_____theriver.
3)Thereisabook______thedesk.
10.between:
在(两者)之间
among:
在(三者以上)之间
1)AbigcrowdofpeoplewerewaitingforLiLidaonthebeach.________themwerehisparents.
2)Tomsits________LucyandLily.
11.on与about:
关于
on用于较正式的演讲、学术、书籍等
about用于非正式的谈话或随便提及
eg.Hegaveatalk____thehistoryoftheParty
12.infrontof:
在…前面/方(范围外)=before
in/atthefrontof:
在……前部(范围内)
1)Thereisabigtree_______oftheclassroom.
2)Adriverdrives_________ofthebus.
类似区别:
atthebackof与behind
13.with和in:
表示“用“
with:
指“用工具、手、口等”
in:
指“用语言、话语、声音等”
1)Pleasewritetheletter____apen.
2)Pleasespeak____aloudvoice.
14.onafarm;inafactory;thegirlinthehat;leavefor:
动身前往某地
15.一些固定搭配:
(1)介词与动词的搭配
listento,laughat,getto,lookfor;
waitfor,hearfrom,turnon,turnoff,worryabout,thinkof,lookafter,spend…on…,等。
(2)介词与名词的搭配
ontime,intime,bybus,onfoot,
withpleasure,onone’swayto,introuble,
atbreakfast,attheendof,intheend等。
(3)介词与形容词的搭配
belatefor,beafraidof,begoodat,
beinterestedin,beangrywith,
befullof,besorryfor等。
一.选择填空:
1.Mrs.BrowncametoChina____1996.
A.fromB.ofC.toD.in
2.Theroomwasfull____smokeafterthebigfire.
A.ofB.withC.inD.for
3.Herearesomepresents____you____ourbestwishes.
A.to;withB.for;withC.of;aboutD.for;for
4.BothMrGreenandMrsGreenwereborn____June,1956.
A.inB.atC.onD.for
5.Thelittleboyisalwaysinterested____science.
A.withB.byC.inD.at
6.LiLeioftengetsup____seveno'clockonSundays.
A.onB.inC.atD.for
7.Theyarrivedearly____aTuesdaymorning.
A.onB.atC.inD.of
8.Macao(澳门)willreturntoourmotherland____December20th,1999.
A.onB.atC.inD.for
9.----Whenwereyouborn?
----Iwasborn____August25,1983.
A.onB.inC.atD.to
10.Letmeshowyoutheplace____themap.
A.withB.onC.in
11.Johnknows____acomputer.
A.howtouseB.howuse C.howuses
12.Thevisitors____Japanarrived____BeijingStationlastTuesdaymorning.
A.from;atB.of;toC.from;to D.of;on
13.Theteacherwillbeback____anhour.
A.inB.afterC.on
14.ThisprogrammewassenttotheUSA____China____satellite.
A.in;ofB.of;inC.from;byD.by;from
15.It'scoldoutside.Pleaseyourwarmclothes.
A.putinB.takeoffC.putonD.putup
16.Hegotmanygiftshisbirthdayhisfriends.
A.on,fromB.in,ofC.at,toD.from,for
17.Theclassroomisquitedifferentthatone.
A.ofB.fromC.withD.like
18.Look,you'llseeabridgetheriver.
A.onB.aboveC.overD.in
19.–Yourcoatlooksnice,IsItcotton?
-Yes.It'sShanghai.
A.madeof,madeby B.madeof,madein
C.madefor,madeinD.madefrommadeby
20.Towmayfalltheothersbecausehehasmissedsomanylessons.
A.afterB.behindC.laterD.outof
二、用适当的介词填空
1.What'swrong____yourwatch?
2.One____thestudentsisintheclassroom.
3.Ithinktheshopisclosed____thistimeofday.
4.MyfatherteachesEnglish____aschool.
5.Wehavelunch____themiddleoftheday.
6.Youcanbuysomeschoolthings____yourwayhome.
7.Iwasborn____July1,1982.
8.MayIborrowapencil____you?
9.Don'tsleep____theopenair.
10.Ioftenhelpmymother_____thehousework.
11.It'stime____school.
12.Ihavequitealot____homeworktodo.
13.What'sthetime?
It'shalf____seven.
14.Ducksaregood____swimming.
15.Whatareyoutalking____?
16.Heissitting____thefrontofthecar.
17.Theeraserwaspassed____onestudent____another.
18.Didyoulive____Beijingin1997?
19.Whendidyouarrive____thevillage?
20.IthinkMaryis____dutytoday.
21.Eatingtoomuchisn'tgood____yourhealth.
22.I'm
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