TECHNOLOGY.docx
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TECHNOLOGY.docx
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TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
1.Scienceshouldbedrivenbymoralityfirstandknowledgesecond.Whatisyourview?
Thisquestionpointstotheanxietyoverthegreatpowerthatsciencepossessesandhowunrestrainedorunguided,suchpowermaybemisusedforunworthyends.
Scienceshouldbedrivenbymoralityfirst
∙Scienceisinserviceofhumanityandthereforehastobeboundbythecommonrulesofdecencyandproperconduct.Thisadherencetosocialmoresisofprimaryimportance.
∙Theastronomicalsumsofmoneyrequiredformodernscientificresearchmeansthattheresearchershavetobeheldaccountabletothepublicwhofundtheresearch.E.g.theLargeHadronCollider,dubbedbysomeasthemostpowerfulphysicsexperimenteverbuilt,isexpectedtocost€3.2–6.4billiontobuildandrun.
∙CharlesSandersPeirce,aninfluential19thcenturyphilosopherandscientist,arguesthat‘Ascientificmanmustbesingle-mindedandsincerewithhimself.Otherwise,hisloveoftruthwillmeltaway,atonce.’
∙Safeguardsmustbeinplacetoprotectthewelfareofhumanity:
Aboveall,donoharm–theso-calledHippocraticinjunctiontodonoharmhasbeenanaxiomcentraltoclinicalpharmacologyandtotheeducationofmedicalandgraduatestudents
Scienceshouldbedrivenbyknowledgefirst
∙Peircealsosays‘Yetinmorewaysthanoneanexaggeratedregardformoralityisunfavourabletoscientificprogress…[M]oralityleadstoaconservatismwhichanynewview,orevenanyfreeinquiry,nomatterhowpurelyspeculative,shocks.’Inotherwords,beingveryconcernedaboutmoralitywouldhinderresearch.
∙Themasseslagbehindintheirknowledgeofthelatestscientificdevelopments.Scientiststhereforehavetoleadthewayandneedtobegiventhemandatetoexploreandimprovethewaywelive.Forinstance,in-vitrofertilisationcausedgreatcontroversywhenitwasfirstdevelopedinthe1970s.Nowadays,itsuseisgenerallyaccepted,although‘Octo-mum’NadyaSulemanonceagaindrewattentiontothepotentialabuseofthistechnology.
∙Whilesomeresearchisfundedbythestate,muchofitisalsofundedbyprivatecompaniesouttomakeaprofit.(Justthisyear,however,Merck,awell-knowndrugmaker,donatedanexperimentalanti-malariamedicinetoanot-for-profitresearchorganisation.Thisshowshoweventraditionallyprofit-orientedorganisationmayexhibitwhatmanywouldconsidermoralbehaviour.)
∙Thebasisforethicalguidelinesisformerexperiences.Thisbasisthereforecallstheguidelinesintoquestionsincetheymaynotbeabletosensiblyinformgroundbreakingscientificresearch,foraysintounchartedterritory.Nevertheless,wemaycountontheresearcherstobemoralhumanbeingsandwecanimposeoversightstructuressuchthatthewisdomofmorethanafewcanbeconsultedonwhethertogoaheadonalineofresearch.
Studentsmayconcludethatmostpeopleacceptthattheconductofscientificresearchmustbeboundbyethicalconsiderations.Theproblemremainshoweverthatsomeoftheexactdetailsoftheethicalconstraintsareverymuchopentodebate.
‘Wehavebecomeapeopleunabletocomprehendthetechnologyweinvent.’Discuss
Thiswasnotapopularquestion.Moreimportantly,thisisNOTaneasyquestion,sounlessyouhaveadequateknowledgeoftechnology,steerclearofthistopic.Studentswhodidanswerthisdidnothaveastrongpersonalvoicebutsimplywentonlistingexamplesoftechnologythathasbecomeaproblemintoday’sworld.Thequestionclearlyrequiresyoutohaveastrongargumentation.Soifyouarealsoweakinyourlanguageskills,avoidthisquestion.
KEY-ThisisNotanexampledrivenessaywhereyousimplylistexamplesofcomplicatedtechnologywhichpeoplecannotunderstand.Thequestionalsocallsforyoutoevaluatepeople.Theyarecomplacent,addictedtotechnology,mindlessdependencyandthusarehandicapwhenyounolongerhaveit.
‘unabletocomprehend’-Thequestionimpliesthatmanisshortsighted,greedy,andthusdoesnotcomprehendtheconsequencesofhisactions–longtermimplicationofusingthesetechnology
Thereisanimplicitsuggestioninthequestionaboutthefuture–manisnotthinkingaboutthelongtermconsequencesofhisaction(useoftechnology)
Examples–cars,air-conditioning,biomedicalethicalissues,theuseInternet,stemcell,DNAmanipulation,creationofartificiallife,weaponsofmassdestruction
Theuseofcars–addiction
Aircons-addiction
StemCell-notthinkingaboutconsequences
Weaponsofmassdestruction–canturnagainstyou,thusshowswedonotcomprehendit.(egterroristgroupsusingitintheireffortstocreatefear)
Indicatorstoshowthatweareunabletocomprehend–exploitation,thesettingupofBioethicsAdvisorygroups,Political/Independentgroupsetc…tooverseeexploitation
Balance-peoplequestioningitshowsthatthereareawareness,butwethinkofshorttermissuesthuswedonotseetheimplicationuntilitbecomesaproblem-eghowourcarshavebecomebadforenvironment
Thequestionprovidesampleroomtodiscussthequestionholistically–i.eexploringhumannatureandwhatismeantby‘unabletocomprehend’.
Overthepastcentury,thelivesofpeoplehavechangedgreatly.Today,inthedevelopedworld,itisnormalforpeopletodriveautomobilespoweredbygasoline,oftendrivingmanymileseverydaytogettoandfromwork.Wetravelevenlongerdistancesonairplanespoweredbyfossil
fuels.Wehavealargenetworkofcomputers,createdbyprocessesinvolvingfossilfuelsthatweusetofindinformationandcommunicatewitheachother.Havewebecometoodependentontechnology,addiction,mindlessusageetc…
Weliveandworkinbuildingsbuilttobecooledbyairconditionerswhichneedpowergeneratedfromfossilfuels.Wehaveincorporatedahugeamountofnewtechnologyintoourlives.Alltheseactionshaveagreateffectonourenvironment.Whenthetechnologywasinventedandthenimplemented,itwasimpossibleforustoknowallofthepositiveandnegativeeffectsthatwouldarise.However,itisimportantthatwedoallthatwecantoconsidertheshort-termandlong-termeffectsofouractions.Mindlessdependence.
Automobileasanexample.Itmayallowpeopletogetfromoneplacetotheothermorequickly,savingtimethatcouldthenbeusedforotherthings.Thismaybeconsideredgood.However,becausetheycantravelfurtherinashorteramountoftime,peoplemaychoosetospreadoutmore.Whensomethingnegativeresultsfromtheapplicationoftechnology,thetechnologyisnottoblame.Toblamethetechnologywouldbetodenythatpeoplehavefreewillintheirapplicationofit.Rather,thenegativeeffectsresultfrompeoplenotseeingorunderstandingtheconsequencesofusingthetechnologyinthewaytheyareusingit.Ourmindlessuseoftechnologybringsaboutthedegradationofourenvironment…butit’stoolate(?
)
Therearesome,especiallyinpositionsofpoliticalpowerintheUnitedStates,whowillsaythatitisnotcertainthatouractionsarecausingtheEarthtowarm.TheKyotoProtocolcantestifythatwedonotcomprehendthetechweuse.Wemustaskwhetherthisdecisionwasmadebecause,allthingsconsidered,itwasthoughttobebestfortheworld,orif,rather,theirjudgmentwascloudedbytechnologicaladdictionandtheconsequentdifficultyincomprehendingthetechweuse.
Whatarethecosts?
Includeenvironmentaldamageresultingfrommanufacturingitandgeneratingpowerforitandharmcausedbyaforcedwithdrawal(causedbydepletionofoil,forinstance).
Oursociety'srelationshipwithtechnologyissomewhatsimilar,amongotherthingsegaperson'sneedtohavingacar.Butnowwemustunderstandthelong-termcostsandconsequences,ofitsaddictiontotechnology.Whenchoosinghowtoproceed,wecannowactfromamatureperspectivehavingbeeninformedbyourmistakes.Historycan,anddoes,repeatitself,but,ifacriticalmassofpeoplerecognizethattheyareonacourseknownfromthepasttobedestructive,thenthecoursecanbechanged.Wemust,therefore,learnfromourpresentsituationinordertosurviveinthefuture.Thechoiceisourstomake.
‘ThereisnoplacefortheArtsintoday’stechnologicalsociety.’Discuss.
Interpretation
Mainthrustofthequestion:
theeffectoftechnologyontheartsandhowtheartshaslostgroundtothepopularentertainmentprovidedthroughchannelslikethecablesandsatellitesofmedianetworks.
Studentscouldrefertothevariouscategoriesofart(highart,massart,popularartetc),painting,dance,literature,sculptureandmusicetcareallvalidinterpretationsoftheformsofart.
Studentsmustrecognizetheabsolutenatureofthestatementandthatthesensibleoptionistodisagreewithit.
Possiblestands:
1.Disagreethattheartshaslostitsgroundandthatalthoughtechnologyhasagreaterroleintoday’ssociety,itisstillrelevantandsignificantinvariousways.
2.Agreethattheartshasnotonlydeclinedinsignificancebutthatitalsoserveslittlepracticalpurpose.
Requirementsofquestion:
1Mustshowclearunderstandingofkeyterms’noplace’‘thearts’and‘technologicalsociety’.
2.Explainbriefly(introductionmaybe)whypeopletodayperceivethatarthasdeclinedinimportance-needtoshowhowchangesinsocietyhaveledtoitsdecline.
3.Discussandillustratethepredominantroleoftechnologytoday.
4.Discusstherelevanceofthearts(refertowiderangeofartforms)inrelationtotoday’stechnologicalsociety.Thelinkbetweentechnologyandartmustbeestablishedconsistentlythroughouttheessay.
5.Amplecoverage:
variousartforms,ideas/illustrations.
‘Scienceandethicsshouldnotmix’.Discuss.(updated28/9)
‘Scienceandethicsshouldnot
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