The Illustrated Guide to Interstellar.docx
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The Illustrated Guide to Interstellar.docx
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TheIllustratedGuidetoInterstellar
Chapter1:
HeatandRadiators
Thephysics:
Radiatorperformance
Heatinspace
Spaceitselfiscold.Theelectromagneticbackgroundradiationfromdeepspacecorrespondstoatemperatureof3kelvin,barelyaboveabsolutezero.
Butdespitethecoldbackground,heatisaconstantconcerninspacecraftdesign.Everyprocessthatusesorconvertsenergy-everyelectricalsystem,everylifesupportsystem,andeverycrewmember-addsheattothespacecraftaroundit.ThelightoftheSuninEarthorbitisdirect,withnoatmospheretofilterit,deliveringmoreenergytowhereitlandsthaninEarth'sharshestdeserts.
OnEarth,machinesthatneedtodisposeoflargeamountsofheattypicallytransferittonearbyairorwater.Inspace,neitherairnorwaterisanoption.Aspacecraftthatneedstorejectheatcaneitherjettisonhotmaterialorrelyonradiation.
Blackbodyradiation
Allmatteratanytemperatureaboveabsolutezeroradiatessomeofitsheatenergyaselectromagneticradiation.Thespectrumor"color"oftheradiationandtherateofenergytransferdependonthetemperatureoftheradiatingsurface.The3-kelvincosmicbackgroundradiationisdominatedbymicrowavefrequencies,roomtemperatureisstrongestintheinfrared,andvisiblelightbecomesnoticeablearound700K.
Thesimplestformofthegoverningequationsisforasurfacethatabsorbsallincomingphotonswithoutreflectingorscatteringanyenergy.Thesamepropertiesimplythatthephotonsthatsuchanidealabsorberradiatescandepartthesurfacewithoutscatteringorinterference.Indiscussionsofthermalradiation,theterm"blackbody"refersnotmerelytoabodythatlooksblacktotheeye,buttosuchanidealabsorberandradiator.
Asyoumayexpectifyou'veencounteredidealobjectsinanyotherareaofscience,thereisnoperfectphysicalrealizationofablackbody.Everyreal-worldsurfacedeviatesfromtheidealtoagreaterorlesserextent.Manyare"greybodies":
surfacesthatradiateasufficientlyuniformfractionofablackbody'soutputinasimilarspectrumacrossthetemperatureandwavelengthrangesofinterest.
TheamountofenergythatleavesasurfacebyradiationisgivenbytheStefan-Boltzmannlaw.WhentheInterstellarradiators'in-gamedescriptionsrefertothe"Stefan-Boltzkermanlaw",thisiswhatthey'rereferencing.Thelawiscommonlywrittenas
P=AεσT^4
wherePisthepowertransferredinwatts,Aistheradiatingsurfacearea,andTisthetemperatureinkelvin.ε,theemissivityofthesurface,isthefractionofablackbody'sradiationthatthesurfaceemits.σisaproportionalityconstantwithavalueof5.67×10^-8wattspersquaremeterperkelvintothefourthpower.
Thebestknownmaterialshaveemissivitiesintheneighborhoodof99.6percent.Economicalspacecraftradiatorstodayrangefrom90to98percent.
HeatinInterstellar
InterstellarrepresentsheatenergythatneedstoberadiatedwiththeWasteHeatresource.Onein-gameunitofWasteHeatrepresentsonemegajouleofenergy.
TherearetwosourcesofWasteHeatthatInterstellartracks:
solarpanels,andgenerators,receivers,andreactors.Iwilldiscussthegamerulesforsolarpanelshere,andthoseforothersystemswhenIcoverthesystems.Radioisotopethermoelectricgeneratorshavetheirownradiatorsbuiltintothefinnedcase.Theydon'tcontributetoWasteHeatforInterstellar'spurposes.
SolarpanelsproducewasteheatequaltohalftheirElectricChargeoutput.ForconversionsbetweenKSPandreal-worldunites,1ECrepresentsonekilojouleofenergy(1EC/second=1kilowatt).Abankofpanelsproducingtwomegawattsofelectricity(2,000EC/s)willproduce1WasteHeatpersecond(1megawattofwasteheat).
RetractablesolarpanelswillretractiftheWasteHeatbarfills.Aprobethatoverheatsandlosesallofitspanelsislikelytolosepowerandbecomeinertbeforeitcoolsenoughtoredeploypanels.Othersystemswillbecomelessefficientorfailentirely.
Aninactiveshipwillslowlyradiateheatfromitsstructure,buttokeepupwithanyheat-producingsystemsthatneedtoremainactive,itwillneedradiators.TheperformanceofeachradiatorpartinInterstellarisdefinedbytwonumbers:
itsradiatingareainsquaremeters,anditsmaximumtemperatureinkelvin.Yourgoalindesigningashipistoequipitwithenoughradiatorareatoradiateallofthewasteheatthatitproducesatatemperaturethatis1)lessthanthemaximumtemperatureofanyofitsradiators,and2)lessthanthemaximumtemperatureofitsthermalsources.
Thefollowingradiatorsareavailable:
Part
Size
Area(m^2)
Max.temp
Mass
RadialRadiator
Small
0.25
970
0.005
Standard
1
0.02
FlatRadiator
8
1,350
0.1
InlineRadiator
62.5cm
1.25
970
0.05
1.25m
5
1,350
0.2
2.5m
20
0.8
HeatRadiator(deployable)
Small
100
1,350
0.2
Standard
400
0.8
Huge
1,600
3.2
LargeFlatRadiator
2,500
1,350
5
WhenyouunlocktheExperimentalElectricsnodeofthetechnologytree,allradiatorsupgradetoamaximumtemperatureof3,500K.
Thein-gameinfowindowforeachradiatorpartindicateshowmuchenergyitwillradiateatitspre-upgrademaximumtemperature,howmuchenergyitwillradiateatitspost-upgrademaximumtemperature,andhowmuchitwillradiateatthelistedtemperatures.
Forsolar-poweredprobes,theSmallRadialRadiatorradiatesjustover12.5kilowattsatitsmaximumtemperature.Apairofthesewithatotalcapacityof25kilowattsisenoughforprobesgeneratingupto50KWofsolarpower:
enoughforpracticallyanyscientificprobeandmostRemoteTechrelays.
Notethatthepoweroutputofsolarpanelsvarieswiththeamountofsunlighttheyreceive,andhencewiththeirdistancefromthesun.InstockKSP,thesevariationsarereducedtoalevelthatrarelyaffectsgameplay.Interstellaroverridesthestockcurveandmakessolarpaneloutputstrictlyinverselyproportionaltothesquareofyourdistancefromthesun.AtMoho'speriapsisof0.31KerbinAU,panelswillgeneratetentimesthepower-andheat-thattheydoatKerbin.Atan8.35AUEelooapoapsis,solarpanelsareonly1.4%aspowerfulastheyareatKerbin.ForanymissionfartheroutthanDunaorDres,considerothertypesofpowergeneration.
Readingthethermalhelper
Thisisatypicalunmannedspacecraftforthestageofthegamewheredeployablesolarpanelsandradiatorsbecomeavailable.IthasfourOX-4Lsolarpanels,developing2KWeachinoptimalorientationinKerbinorbitforatotalpowerbudgetof8KWandaheatbudgetof4KW.ThiswouldbeenoughtopowertheCommunotron16andfourDTS-M1antennasifIwereusingRemoteTech.
Ipress"I"toopenthethermalhelper.Ifyouhaveblizzy78'sToolbarmodinstalled,abuttonforthethermalhelperisalsoavailablethere.Thiswindowliststhevessel'stotalheatproductionandradiatorcapacityandcalculatestheequilibriumtemperature.IfyouwillbeoperatingawayfromKerbinspace,settheslideratthetopofthewindowtoyourintendeddistancefromthesunsosolarpaneleffectivenesscanbecalculated.
Rightnow,estimatedheatproductionis4KW(halfofthesolarpanels'electricaloutput)aspredicted.ThermalsourcetemperatureisN/AbecausetheonlyWasteHeatsourcesaresolarpanelswhosetemperatureisnottracked.Radiatormaximumdissipationiszerobecausewehaven'tinstalledanyradiatorsyet,andtheestimatedradiatortemperaturesareN/Aforthesamereason.
IfInowaddapairofsmallradialradiators,thethermalhelperupdatestoshowtheir25KWcapacityatmaximumtemperature,andestimatesatemperatureof612.9Kat4KW.
Thethermalhelperhassomeadditionalfeaturesthatarerelevantifyouequipyourvesselwithnuclearreactors.I'llreturntocoverthesefeaturesonceI'vecoveredthereactors.
Chapter2:
Science
ThischapteroftheIllustratedGuidetoKSPInterstellarwillcoverthescienceexperimentsthatInterstellaroffersintheearlytomid-career,beforenuclearpoweroradvancedengines.Someareinthetraditionalmoldofgotoplace,activatesensor,receivescience,butsomearemoreinteractive.
SeismicImpactorExperiment
Inadditiontomeasuringnaturalvibrationsandimpacts,theseismicsensorsplacedbytheApollolandingswereusedtomeasuretheimpactsofseveraldiscardedS-IVBupperstagesandLunarModuleascentstages.TheknowncharacteristicsoftheimpactorsaidedscientistsininterpretingtheseismicreadingstodrawconclusionsaboutthestructureoftheMoonandthenatureofotherimpacts.
InterstellarmodifiesthestockDouble-CSeismicAccelerometertoremovethestockexperimentthatcouldbeperformedwheneveracraftislanded,andreplacesitwithanexperimentthatrequiresyoutoprovideimpactstoanalyze.
Placingseismicsensors
Landasensoranywhereonthesurfaceofthebodyofinterest,right-clickit,andselect"Recordseismicdata"tobeginmonitoring.
Forthebestpossiblescienceyield,landmultiplesensorsatdifferentpointsonthesurface.Fivesensorsspacedabout90degreesapartwillbeenoughtoachievemaximumscience.
DataonactivesensorsisstoredinWarpPlugin.cfginyoursavefolder.ThedataisassociatedwiththeinternalIDofthevessel,soifyoujettisonasensorfromashipyouwillneedtostopandrestartitafterward.Forinstance,Iliketoequipthedescentstageofeachlunarmodulewithaprobecoreandaseismometer.Whentheascentstagedeparts,thevesselIDthatthecombinedlanderhadbeforeseparationgenerallyreferstotheascentstage,soI'vefounditnecessarytostartrecordingonlyaftertheascentstagehasdepartedandthedescentstagehashaditsfinalvesselIDassigned.
Performinganimpact
Onceallp
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