英国文学导读.docx
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英国文学导读.docx
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英国文学导读
ChapterOneTheMedievalPeriod中世纪时期
MiddleAge:
the5thcenturyAD-theendofthe15thcenturies
MedievalPeriod:
the11th–15th(sawtheriseofCatholicism)
MiddleAge:
theAnglo-Saxonperiod(446AD-1066)andthefirstcenturiesaftertheNormanConquest(takingplacein1066)
TheAnglo-Saxon(Germany)developedOldEnglish.
Beowulf,thefirstgreatEnglishliteraryworkandthenationalepicoftheAnglo-Saxons.
MiddleEnglishLiterature:
themedievalromance(中世纪的传奇故事),ballad(歌谣,叙事歌谣).(ChainedbyreligiousconsiderationswithstresslaidontheChristiandoctrinesaswellaspersonalsalvation)(ReacheditsheightwiththecreationofGeoffreyChaucer,thegreatestwriterduringtheMedievalPeriod)
GeoffreyChaucer:
thepoet’spoet;thefatherofEnglishpoetry,thefirstrealisticwriterinEnglishliteraryhistory,amessengerofhumanism,Heaffirmedman’srighttoearthlyhappiness,forexampleprioress(女修道院副院长)inTheCanterburyTales(坎特伯雷故事集).
ChapterTwoTheElizabethanAge伊丽莎白时代
1.1Renaissance(文艺复兴):
the14th-17thcenturies,thediscoveringandreadingofancientGreekandRomanclassicledtothefloweringofpainting,sculpture,architecture,andsoon;firststartedinFlorenceandVenice(威尼斯),Italy;typifiedbytheuniversalgenius(全才)ofLeonardoDaVinci;liftrestrictioninallareasplacedbytheRomanCatholicChurch;getridofignoranceandsuperstition.ShowstheacceptancebyChristiansofthepagan无宗教的,异教的classicalculture;markedatransitionfromtheMedievalPeriodtothemodernageinEuropeanhistory.
1.2RenaissanceinEngland:
beganwiththeaccessionoftheHouseofTudortothethrone都铎家族的继位inthe1485.Inthe14thand15thcenturiesalongwarwentonandoffbetweenEnglandandFranceanditwasfollowedathomebytheWaroftheHousewhichendedwiththevictoryofHenryTudorwholaterbecameHenryVII.HenryVIII(1509-1547),hissonsucceededhimandisrememberedforinitiating开始theReligiousReformationinEnglandwhichledtotheestablishmentoftheChurchofEngland英国国教会around1530.第八面英国宗教改革
TheEnglishRenaissancewaslargelyliterary,anditachieveditsfinestexpressionintheElizabethandramacreatedmainlybyWilliamShakespeare,thegreatestwriterintheEnglishlanguage,ChristopherMarlowe克里斯多夫,whoestablishedblankverse(无韵诗)inplays,andMarlowe马洛.(摆脱宗教话题的束缚,深入其他领域)
在英国宗教改革运动的发起者是国王,这使得英国的宗教改革是一场自上而下的运动。
自从14~15世纪的英法百年战争结束以后,英国人开始了潜心发展自己的民族国家的历程,特别是1485年开始的都铎王朝。
这一王朝最著名的国王是亨利八世(1509-1547)和伊丽莎白一世(1558-1603),他们两位的统治时代正是16世纪宗教改革的时代,而英国宗教改革的序幕便是由亨利八世拉开的。
⏹FrancisBacon(1561-1626):
散文
ThefirsttowriteessaysinEnglish;coversawiderangeofsubjects:
philosophy,science,history,literatureandsoon;TheAdvancementofLearning,NovumOrganum,Essays,andTheNewAtlantis;EssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.
OfStudies:
Baconexplainshowandwhystudy-a.k.a.(=asknownas)knowledge-isimportant.Helaysoutthevalueofknowledgeinpracticalterms.Baconconsiderstowhatusestudiesmightbeput.Heislessinterestedintheirtheoreticalpromisethanintheirpracticalutility效用.Hiswritingisdirectandpointed率直的.Itavoidsthemeandering迂回find-your-wayfreeformofotheressays.Francisgetstothepointinhisopeningsentence,"Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability."Hethenelaborateson阐述howstudiesareusefulinthesethreeways.Andhewastesnowordsindetailingtheusesof"studies"forRenaissancegentlemen.
OneoftheattractionsofBacon'sessayishisskillfuluseofparallelsentencestructure,asexemplifiedintheopeningsentenceandthrough"OfStudies."Thisstylistictechniquelendsclarityandordertothewriting,asin"craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem,"whichinitsstraightforwardassertivenessexhibitsconfidenceandeleganceinadditiontoclarityandemphasis.
⏹WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616):
戏剧
OneofthethreeleadingmemberofacompanyofactorscalledtheLordChamberlain’sMen(张伯伦勋爵剧团,后更名为king’smen国王剧团);beganhisliterarycareerbywritinghistoryplaysandcomedies
Fourgreattragedies:
Hamlet,Othello奥赛罗,KingLear李尔王,andMacbeth麦克白.
Alsopublishedtwolongpoems-VenusandAdonis维纳斯和阿多尼斯andTheRapeofLucrece鲁克丽丝受辱记aswellas154sonnets十四行诗.
ØHamlet:
ghostscene;playintheplay;triptoEngland;funeralofOphelia;fencematch
ØTheMerchantofVenice:
Thisisagreatironyandcomedy.Thescriptisthesubjectofpraiselove,friendshipandlove,Atthesametimealsoreflectsthebusinessofearlycapitalismandthebourgeoisie中产阶级sharksconflictbetweentheperformanceoftheauthorsofbourgeoissociety,money,Legalandreligiousissuessuchasthehumanisticideas.Itplaysanimportantliteraryachievement;thisShylockistheshapeofthemercenary,Ruthlesstypicalimageofsharks.
Ø“Sonnet18”byWilliamShakespeare:
三个四行诗加一个heroiccouplet;每四行一个内容,最后两行summary
Sonnetisdefinedasanexpressionofhumanemotionwhichiscondensed浓缩intofourteenlines.Freeverse自由诗体;ode颂;epigram警句
关于诗歌的一些:
✓HeroicCouplet英雄双韵体(两行相互押韵,每行分五音节)isatraditionalformforEnglishpoetry,commonlyusedforepicandnarrativepoetry;itreferstopoemsconstructedfromasequenceofrhymingpairsofiambicpentameterlines.Therhymeisalwaysmasculine.UseoftheheroiccoupletwasfirstpioneeredbyGeoffreyChaucerintheLegendofGoodWomenandtheCanterburyTales.Chaucerisalsowidelycreditedwithfirstextensiveuseofiambicpentameter.
✓iambicpentameter抑扬格五音步acommonpatternofbeatsinEnglishpoetry,inwhicheachlineconsistsoffiveiambs每一诗行有两个音步的,称“双音步”(dimeter);含有三个音步的,称“三音步”(trimeter);此外还有四音步(tetrameter)、五音步、(pentameter)、六音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octameter)。
✓音步(Foot):
若干个重读/非重读的音节重复出现,就构成了英语诗歌里最小的组成部分,英诗中这种重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫作音步。
一个音步的音节数量可能为两个或三个音节,ofthe…但不能少于两个或多于三个音节,而且其中只有一个必须重读。
分析英诗的格律就是将它划分成音步,并区分出是何种音步以及计算音步的数量。
这种音步划分叫scansion。
根据一首英诗组成的音步数量,每一诗行一个音步称“单音步”(monometer);每一诗行有两个音步的,称“双音步”(dimeter);含有三个音步的,称“三音步”(trimeter);此外还有四音步(tetrameter)、五音步、(pentameter)、六音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octometer)。
✓Aniambwasashortsyllablefollowedbyalongsyllable.
✓IambicPentameteristherhythmandmeterinwhichpoetsandplaywrightswroteinElizabethanEngland.ItisameterthatShakespeareuses.Quitesimply,itsoundslikethis:
deeDUM,deeDUM,deeDUM,deeDUM,deeDUM.Itconsistsofalineoffiveiambicfeet,tensyllableswithfiveunstressedandfivestressedsyllables.Itisthefirstandlastsoundweeverhear;itistherhythmofthehumanheartbeat.Itispercussiveandattractivetotheearandhasaneffectonthelistener'scentralnervoussystem.AnExampleofPentameterfromShakespeare:
butSOFTwhatLIGHTthroughYONderWINdowBREAKS.TheIambicPentameterwiththeseeminglydifficultandencodedlanguageisoneofthethingsthatputoffschoolchildren.Butitissimpletolearnandeasytospeakonceitcomesaliveforyou.Shakespearealsowritesinprose,usuallywhenshowingacharacteroflowerstatus.
✓Rhythm:
Thisisthemusicmadebythestatementsofthepoem,whichincludesthesyllablesinthelines.Thebestmethodofunderstandingthisistoreadthepoemaloud.Listenforthesoundsandthemusicmadewhenwehearthelinesspokenaloud.Howdothewordsresonatewitheachother?
Howdothewordsflowwhentheyarelinkedwithoneanother?
Doessoundright?
Dothewordsfitwitheachother?
Thesearethethingsyouconsiderwhilestudyingtherhythmofthepoem.
✓Rhyme:
Apoemmayormaynothavearhyme.Whenyouwritepoetrythathasrhyme,itmeansthatthelastwordsofthelinesmatchwitheachotherinsomeform.Eitherthelastwordsofthefirstandsecondlineswouldrhymewitheachotherorthefirstandthethird,secondandthefourthandsoon.Rhymeisbasicallysimilarsoundingwordslike‘cat’and‘hat’,‘close’and‘shows’,‘house’and‘mouse’etc.Freeversepoetry,though,doesnotfollowthissystem.
✓Syllable:
anyoftheunitsintowhichawordmaybedivided,usuallyconsistingofavowel-soundwithaconsonantbeforeorafter音节(通常由一个元音加上其前面或後面的辅音构成):
音节是读音的基本单位,任何单词的读音,都是分解为一个个音节朗读。
在英语中元音特别响亮,一个元音音素可构成一个音节,一个元音音素和一个或几个辅音音素结合也可以构成一个音节。
一般说来,元音音素可以构成音节,辅音音素不响亮,不能构成音节。
但英语辅音音素中有4个辅音[m],[n],[ng],[l]是响音,它们和辅音音素结合,也可构成音节。
它们构成的音节往往出现在词尾,一般是非重读音节。
英语的词有一个音节的,两个音节的,多个音节的,一个音节叫单音节词,两个音节叫双音节词,三个音节以上叫多音节。
如:
take拿,ta'ble桌子,po‘ta'to马铃薯,po’pu‘la'tion人口,con’gra‘tu’la'tion祝贺。
te‘le’com‘mu‘ni’ca'tion电讯划分音节的方法元音音素是构成音节的主体,辅音是音节的分界线。
每个元音音素都可以构成一个音节,如:
bed床,bet打赌。
两个元音音素都可以构成一个音节,如:
seat坐位,beat毒打,beaut极好的beau'ty美。
两元音音素之间有一个辅音音素时,辅音音素归后一音节,如:
stu'dent学生,la'bour劳动。
有两个辅音音素时,一个辅音音素归前一音节,一个归后一音节,如:
win'ter冬天fa'ther父亲,tea'cher教师
✓诗节,一首诗的单位,包含两行或更多行的诗。
常见诗节以每一单位的行数来命名。
Stanza:
Oneofthedivisionsofapoemcomposedoftwoormorelinesusuallycharacterizedbyacommonpatternofmeter,rhyme,andnumberoflines.诗节:
诗中由两行或更多行构成的一节,通常以有相同音步、节奏和行数为特征Sonnet(十四行诗):
可分为一个八行诗节(octave)跟一个六行诗节(sestet)。
也可以分为三个四行诗节(quatrain)和一个二行诗节(couplet)。
✓英国诗体的分类是根据一首诗或分节的诗的每个诗节所含的诗行数目归类的。
主要有下列几种:
两行诗(couplet),三行诗(triplet),四行诗(quatrain),五行诗(pentastitch),六行诗(hexastitch),七行诗(heptastitch),八行诗(octastitch),九行诗,十行诗,十一行诗及十四行诗。
⏹JohnDone(1572-1631):
约翰多恩:
theleadingfigureofthemetaphysicalpoets(玄学派诗歌);gavenearlyeverythemeaverseandstanzaformpeculiartoitself,andinsteadofdecoratinghisthemebyconventionalcomparison,heilluminated(阐明,解释)oremphasizedhisthoughtbyfantasticmetaphorsandextravaganthyperboles.
✓Metaphysicalpoetry:
Ittypicallyemploysunusualverseforms,complexfiguresofspeechappliedtoelaborate详细而复杂的精心制作的andsurprisingmetaphorical隐喻性的;比喻性的conceits俏皮诙谐的词句,andlearnedthemesdiscussedaccordingtoeccentric古怪的andunexpectedchainsofreasoning
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