大学物理学习大纲指导Guidelines for the study of University Physics.docx
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大学物理学习大纲指导Guidelines for the study of University Physics.docx
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大学物理学习大纲指导GuidelinesforthestudyofUniversityPhysics
大学物理学习大纲指导(GuidelinesforthestudyofUniversityPhysics)
CollegePhysicsLearningGuide
Thefirstchapteristhemotionofparticles
Basicrequirementsofthischapter:
Graspthepositionvector,displacement,velocity,acceleration,angularvelocity,angularacceleration,tangentialacceleration,normalaccelerationandsoon,describethephysicalstateofparticlemotion.ThevelocityandaccelerationofaparticlemovinginaplanecanbecalculatedbymeansofaCartesiancoordinatesystem.Theangularvelocity,angularacceleration,tangentialaccelerationandnormalaccelerationcanbecalculatedwhentheparticleisinthecircumferentialmotion.Understandtherelativityofmotion.
Thischapterfocuseson:
1,theequationofmotionofaparticleisdeterminedbyknowingthevelocityandaccelerationaswellastheinitialconditions;
2,theknownparticlemotionequation,theparticledisplacement,velocity,accelerationandotherphysicalquantities;
3,thelawofuniformspeed,linearmotionandprojectilemotion.
Problemsolvinginstruction:
Thischapterexercisesgenerallydividedintotwocategories:
thefirstcategoryistheequationofmotionofknownparticle,usingdifferentialmethodforvariousphysicalquantities(velocityandacceleration);thesecondisknownandtheinitialconditionsforthevelocityandaccelerationequationsofmotionbyusingintegralmethod.Thesecondkindofproblemandhowtousethevelocitysynthesistheoremtodealwiththevectorandrelativityofmotionisthedifficultpointinthischapter.
Thegeneralsolvingorderofparticlekinematicsproblemis:
A.theclearmeaning,determinetheobjectofstudy,analysisofmovementofobjects.
B.establishesthepropercoordinatesystem.
C.isformulatedandsolvedaccordingtothedefinitionofthephysicalquantitytobedetermined.Oraccordingtothecharacteristicsofthemovementandtheproblemsettingcondition,theequationsaresolved.
D.whennecessary,analyzeanddiscuss.
ThesecondchapterisNewtonianequationofmotion
Basicrequirementsofthischapter:
GraspNewton'sthreelawandapplicableconditions,mastertheuseofcalculusmethodtosolveone-dimensionalvariableforceunderthedynamicsofparticles.
Thischapterfocuseson:
1,theconceptofmassandforce,andthethreecommonforcesinmechanics--thecharacteristicsofgravity,elasticityandfriction.
2、Newton'slawofmotionanditsapplicableconditions.
3,practicetheisolationmethodtoanalyzetheforceoftheobject,correctlylisttheforceequationoftheobject,andsolvethesimpleparticledynamicsproblem.
Problemsolvinginstruction:
(1)forceanalysisofanobject
Thestepsofdrawingobjects:
A.isolatesthesubjectsanddrawsknownforces;
B.drawsgravity;
C.examinesanddrawstheelasticforcesandfrictionforcesoftheobjectincontactwiththesurroundingobject.
D.shouldbenoted:
eachdrawforcemustbeabletofindtheforceoftheforceapplicationobject.
(two)theapplicationofNewton'slawofmotion
Newton'slawsofmotionmainlydealwithtwokindsofproblems:
1,1,knownmotionforforce,thatisknowntotheobjectofmotionphenomenaorlaws(movementequationr=R(T)),theexternalforceactingontheobject.Generallycanbeobtainedafterthefirstforce.
2,2,knowntoforcemotion,acceleration,velocityandmotionequationsforobject,theintegralmethodisavailable.
TheorderofsolutionbyapplyingNewton'slawsofmotion:
A.theclearmeaning,theselectedobject;
B.stressanalysis,paintingforcediagram;
C.buildscoordinatesandlistsequations;
D.solvingequations,analysisanddiscussion.
Ifthereareseveralobjectsconnectedwitheachother,auxiliaryequationsarelistedaccordingtothesettingconditions,geometricrelationsorrelativeaccelerations.
Thethirdchapteristhelawofconservationofmotion
Basicrequirementsofthischapter:
Mastertheworkforceconcept,calculationofvariableforcepower;grasptheconceptcharacteristicsandenergyconservativeforcework,powersystemandcalculationofgravity,elasticforce,gravitationalpotentialenergy;graspforcetimeconcept--momentum,understandthemotionofaparticleplaneangularmovementlawandangularmomentumconservation.Grasptheconservationofmomentumofaparticleandthelawofconservationofmechanicalenergy.
Graspthebasicconceptsofcompleteelasticcollisionandimperfectelasticcollision,andthepracticalapplicationofcollisionproblem.
Thischapterfocuseson:
1,solvetheproblemofvariablework;
2、skillfullyapplyfunctionalrelationshiptosolvesomepracticalsimpleproblems.
3.Applytheprincipleofmomentumandthelawofconservationofmomentum.
Problemsolvinginstruction:
(1)thestepsofcalculatingtheworkdonebyachangeofwork;
A.theclearmeaning,determinetheobjectofstudy;
B.drawstheforcediagramoftheobjectinanypositioninthecourseofforce;
C.writesthefunctionalrelationshipoftheforcechangewithposition;
D.takesadisplacementelementDSatanypositionduringthecourseofthework,andwritestheexpressionofthework
E.accordingtothedefinitionofthework,andisdeterminedaftertheintegralupperandlowerlimitcalculation.
(two)thestepsofapplyingkineticenergytheoremtosolveproblems
A.theclearmeaning,clearprocess,determinetheobject;
B.analyzestheforceoftheobjectinanypositionduringtheexternalforce,anddrawstheforcediagram;
C.determinesthespeedofanobjectinthecourseofanexternalforce;
D.accordingtothekineticenergytheorem,theequationsareformulatedandsolved.
(three)applicationoffunctionalprinciplestosolvetheproblem:
A.theclearmeaning,clearprocess,determinetheresearchobject(system);
B.analyzestheforceofthesystemanddrawsoutexternalforcesandnonconservativeinternalforces;
C.specifiesthepositionofzeropotentialenergy,
Determinethekineticenergyandpotentialenergyofthewholestateofthesystem;
D.accordingtothefunctionalprinciple,thecolumnequationsaresolved.
(four)applyingthelawofconservationofmechanicalenergytosolvetheproblem:
Theorderofthesolutionofthelawofconservationofmechanicalenergyisbasicallythesameasthatofthefunctionprinciple,buttheapplicationconditionofthelawmustbepaidattentiontowhethertheconditionissatisfiedornot.Theconditionsincludethreesituations:
(1)inthestateofthesystemintheprocessofchange,thereisnoexternalandnonconservativeinternalforce;
(2)althoughtheexternalandinternalforcesofnonconservative,butnotwork;(3)andnonconservativeinternalforceareforpower,butinanydisplacementelement,theyareandtheworkisalwayszero.
(five)applicationstepsofmomentumprinciple:
A.theclearmeaning,accordingtotheproblemofconvenientrequirementsandcalculation,todeterminetheobjectofstudy;;
B.conductedaforceanalysisofthesubjectsandpaintedadefensiveplot;
C.thespeedatwhichanobjectpassesthroughastateintheactofforce;
D.establishcoordinatesystem,accordingtomomentumprinciple,verticalequationissolved.
(six)applicationofthelawofconservationofmomentum:
Theorderofsolutionofmomentumconservationlawissimilartothatofmomentumprinciple,butattentionshouldbepaidtoit:
ThechoiceofA.system,distinguishtheinternalforceandexternalforceofthesystem;
TheconditionsofB.'slawofconservationofmomentum,butsometimesinaveryshorttime,theexternalforcesofthesystemaremuchsmallerthantheinternalforcesinthesysteminteraction,andtheexternalforcesarenegligible.Atthispoint,thesystemisstilltreatedasmomentumconservation.Inpracticalproblems,butthecomponentinonedirectioniszero.Inthiscase,thetotalmomentumisconservedinthatdirection.
Thefourthchapterisrigidbodymotion
Basicrequirementsofthischapter:
Understandthegeneralcharacteristicsofthemotionofrigidbody,masteroftheanalyticalmethodoftherotationshaft;grasptheconceptofrigidbodytorque;understandtheconceptofmomentofinertiaofrigidbody;understandtherotatinglaw,fixedaxistheoremofkineticenergyofrotation;rotationoftheangularmomentumconservationlaw.
Thischapterfocuseson:
1,theapplicationoffixedaxisrotationtheorem;
2.Theapplicationofangularmomentumtheoremandconservationtheoremofangularmomentum.
Problemsolvinginstruction:
(1)thesolvingstepsoftherotationtheorem:
A.analyzestheforceoftheobjectanddrawstheforcediagram;
B.theclearmeaning,researchobject;
C.translationalobjectsarelistedaccordingtoNewton'slaw.Therotationofthefixedaxisisfollowedbytherotationtheorem;
D.accordingtothelinequantityandanglerelation,thecorrespondingequationsarelistedandsolved.
(two)theprincipleofangularmomentumandthesolutionoftheconservationtheoremofangularmomentum:
A.theclearmeaning,researchobject;
B.analyzestheforceoftheobjectanddrawstheforcediagram;
C.analyzesthewholestateofthesubject;
D.liststhecorrespondingequationandsolvetheproblemaccordingtothe.
Thefifthchapter,specialtheoryofrelativity
Basicrequirementsofthischapter:
Tounderstandthetwobasicassumptionsofthetheoryofrelativity;understandthemathematicalbasisofthetheoryofrelativity(Lorentztransformation);understandingthekinematicsofrapidlymovingobjectsinspecialrelativityanddynamicbasiccontent;understandingrelativityofnewspace-timerelativityisatthesametime,lengthcontractionandexpansionoftheconceptoftime,andthedifferencewiththeclass
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