外语毕业论文秘密花园.docx
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外语毕业论文秘密花园.docx
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外语毕业论文秘密花园
从《秘密花园》看伯内特的生态意识
摘要:
自工业革命以来,物质文明得到极速发展,但随之而来的环境问题也越来越严重。
特别在当今社会,环境问题已成为一个威胁人类生存发展的重大问题,迫切需要得到解决。
在这种社会背景下,文学领域也掀起了一场生态批评之风。
在英语儿童文学里,《秘密花园》是公认的无年龄界限的精品,也是一部打通雅俗之间界限的文学作品,既入严肃文学的殿堂,也是流行市场的赢家。
在英国它被收入牛津《世界经典丛书》。
论文旨在从生态批评的角度来研究弗朗西斯·霍奇森·伯内特在《秘密花园》中对自然的描写及该作品中所包含的生态意识。
论文首先对生态批评的理论作出概述,随后对文本作具体的分析来探索伯内特对人与自然的关系的看法。
关键词:
秘密花园;生态意识;人与自然的关系
RevelationofFrancesHodgsonBurnett’s
Eco-consciousnessinthe SecretGarden
Abstract
The centraltaskof thispaperistoexplore hownature isdescribed byFrancesHodgsonBurnetandwhatherecologicalattitudetoward naturecontains inherwork—TheSecretGarden.Throughthisstudy, wehopetogaina view of Burnett’s eco-consciousnessfromaneco-criticalperspectiveand abetterunderstandingofBurnettwho concernsmoreabout the harmony,mutualbenefitandequalitybetweenmanand natureratherthan man’smasteryoverotherformsof life.Itbeginswithaprimarystudy of theeco-criticaltheoryandthenturnsto theanalysisof severalrepresentative charactersto revealtheecologicaltheme in thisnovel. Theliteraryanalysesofthispaperallcentersontherelationshipbetweenmanandnature.
Keywords:
TheSecretGarden;eco-consciousness;relationship between man and nature
Acknowledgements
Firstand foremost, Iwish toexpressmy sincere gratitude tomy supervisor,lecturer Wu Ling.Withouthisguidance,supportand encouragementthroughouttheprocess,thisthesiswouldneverhave becomea reality.
ThenI would liketo thank alltheteachersofEnglishDepartment atSichuanInternational StudiesUniversity (SISU).Theirinstructionsand guidancehavemademy fouryears atthisuniversity atrulyrewardingexperience.
Myspecialgratitude alsogoestomyclassmatesfortheircareinmy lifeandfortheir insightfulideas inmylearning.
Last butnottheleast,Iwouldalso liketosincerelythankmyparentsandgrandparentsfor getting mehereandkeeping megoingalltheyears.
Contents
中文摘要………………………………………………………………………..i
Abstract………………………………………………………………………....ii
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………….iii
Introduction……………………………………………………………………..1
I.ABriefIntroduction to Eco-criticism………………………………………3
A.Ecology…………………………………………………………………3
B.Eco-criticism…………………………………………………………….4
C.The Significance ofEco-criticisminLiteraryCriticism………………..4
II.Eco-criticismand Burnett’sTheSecret Garden…………………………….6
A.Burnett’sEmotionalTieswithNature…………………………………..6
B.Nature inTheSecretGarden……………………………………………6
C.Eco-consciousnessin The Secret Garden……………………………….7
1.TheRelationship BetweenManandNature………………………..7
2.AnthropocentricConsciousnessandEco-centrism………………..12
Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..15Notes…………………………………………………………………………...17
Bibliography…………………………………………………………………...20
RevelationofFrances HodgsonBurnett’s Eco-consciousnessin TheSecret Garden
Introduction
Since beingfirstpublishedintheUS in 1911,TheSecretGarden byFrancesHodgsonBurnetthas beenagreat sensation.Thepopularnovelhasnot onlydrawnmuchattention fromthereadersandcritics,butalsohasbeenusedasteachingmaterialinprimarygreads andhigh schools.Althoughitis achildren’swork,theSecretGardenhasattractedalargeamountofadultreaders.Itisnot only a simpleworkforchildren, buta volumeofWorld’sClassicpublished byOxfordUniversityPress. Therefore,theprominenceof thisbook arouses myinteresttoexplorethiswork.
This workofFrancesHodgsonBurnetthasbeeninterpretedfrom awidevarietyofcriticalperspectives.Among these explorations,therearesomepapersthatfocusmainly on therelationshipbetween manandnature.Thesepapersrevealthetheme vividlyand originally.However, theseauthorsdonotapply thetheoryofeco-criticismtotheirpapers,thus revealingthethemeto be incomplete.They revealedonly themutualbenefitrelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Actually,Burnett’seco-consciousnesscontainsfar morethanthat,forit also coversmutuality,harmonyandequality.Thereforeitisnecessary forusto exploreBurnett’s eco-consciousness fromanewliterarycriticalperspective—eco-criticism,whichis particularlysuitable forliterarycriticisminthe context of globallyenvironmentaldeteriorationand establishing ourharmonious society.
Therefore,themaintaskofthispaper istoexploreBurnett’seco-consciousness,whichisof greatsignificanceinviewofthe current environmentalsituationand human beings’future,deeplyandcompletely,fromanewperspective—eco-criticism.
This thesisisdivided intofourparts.Thefirst part isanintroduction whichstates thepurpose,maintaskofthispaper, andthestructure of thispaper.Inthesecondpart,the author generallyexplains theliterarytheoryof eco-criticismonwhichthestudyisbased.Inthe thirdpart,the paper revealstherelationshipbetweenmanand natureinthisnovelinordertogaina betterunderstandingofBurnett’seco-consciousness.Herthoughtsof themutualityandequalitybetweenmanandnatureillustratewhat modernenvironmental movementssuggestandsupport.Finally,theconclusiongivesasummary of this thesis.
Ⅰ.ABriefIntroductiontoEco-criticism
A.Ecology
Theecological conceptdatesbackto the romanticismera in the18thorthe19th century,inwhichKeats, Byron,andShelly weretheoutstandingrepresentatives. Theywereactive and triedveryhard tohavetheirecologicalconceptaccepted.Theyproposedthatthe worldis anorganicbody,andcalledonpeopletoliberatenatureandthemselves fromexistingoppressionandpersecution,dreaming ofalifecircleinwhichnature and peopleliveinharmony. 1
Infact,ecologyoriginatedfromtheEnvironmentalProtectionMovement,which was launchedlongago,as seen bytheTreesEmbraceMovementinIndia‘smountainousareasoftheseventies of the 20thcentury,and intheForest MovementbyBrazilian rubbercollectors,or in theKenyanWomen’s TreesPlantationMovement.However, ecologyis differentfrom environmentalism,whichattempts tochangethe relationshipsbetween humanandnature,aswellasrelevant political policy.2“Ecology emergedinthelate20thcenturyas oneofthemostimportantaspects ofbiology.”3Thewordecology wasinventedby a German zoologist,ErnstHaeckel,who defineditas “thecomprehensivescienceof therelationship of theorganismto theenvironment.” 4The basefor modernecologywas laidfrom thefollowingthenatural historyofGreece,theearlyworkofplantandanimalphysiologists,botanists, etc.Ecology,relatedto theenvironment,providesthescientificframe-workuponwhich conservationprograms orpollution monitoringschemescanbe setup.Generally-speaking,ecologyscholarsdivide ecologyintotwotypes:
Deep EcologyandShallowEcology.DeepEcologywasfirstpresentedin 1973by thephilosopher ArneNaessfromNorway. Themaindifferenceofthe twotypesistheirdifferentprimary concerns.ShallowEcologyaddressesanthropocentrism, whichisa human-centeredworld outlook, whileDeepEcologypaysmoreattentiontobiology orecology,recognizingthatnaturehasvalueapartfromitsusefulnesstohumans,thatis ofeco-centrism.5
B.Eco-criticism
In the ninetiesof the 20th century,eco-criticism wasappliedtoanalyzingliteratureinAmerica.Inthemiddleofthe20thcentury,seriousecologicalcrisesbrokeout both innatureandhuman societies.Thesecrisesmadepeoplethinkaboutthewesternculture.Underthesecircumstances,eco-criticismgrew.Itbeginswith nature asthestartingpoint,andbringsliterarycriticism tothenatural perspective.Witheco-centrismtheories,eco-criticism aimstoexplore the relationshipbetweenliteratureandenvironment,asfeminism-criticismaimstoexploretherelationshipbetweenlanguage andliterature,withgender-consciousness, andMarxism-criticismintroducesthe consciousnessofproduction, economyandclassestoliteraryresearch.6 Eco-criticism refersto hownatureisdescribed and treated,as wellas thethemeofthisworkwhethercontains eco-consciousnessandthe statusofpeople inthenature.7Themainstreamofeco-criticismisinAmerica.Here,eco-criticismhasexperiencedthree stages.Thefirststageexplains hownatureand environmentshouldbetreatedas expressedinliterature; withthesecondstage,furtherresearchismadeinliterary development,achievements, strategiesandsoon,thus naturalfactors long ignoredaregiven special attention ; in thethird stage, scholarstryto constructecologicalthoughtforsystematic promotion ofrelativetheories.8
C.TheSignificanceofEco-criticisminLiteraryCriticism
Eco-criticism canbeusedasthebasis for a particularliterary research,from theperspective oftheessenceofthelifeand theearth,whichsupportsallhumanbeings. Itconnectsliterary researchwitha humanbeing’ssurvivalontheearth andisdifferentfromthevariouskindsofliterary criticism,whichonlyfocus onhuman beings. Theeco-criticismstrengthensliterarystudy, as itbringsvigor toEnglishteaching research, and enhancestheenvironmentalprotectionmovement bytheforceand influence ofliterature.9Inaword, eco-criticism isofgreatliteraryvalue. Therefore, it isnecessaryandmeaningfultostudy thefamousAmericanchildren’swork,TheSecret Garden,from the eco-criticalperspective.
Ⅱ.Eco-criticism andBurnett’sTheSecretGarden
A.Burnett’s EmotionalTieswith Nature
TrancesBurnett (Nov24,1849—Oct29,1924) wasbornin England.Sheimmigratedwith herfamily tothestateof Tennessee, USA in1865,and became anAmericanin1905.Sincetheage of18,shehadpublishedstoriesinmagazinesto earn moneytohelpsupportthefamily. Herfirstbest-sellerwas ThatLass O’s Lowries
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