HEALING GARDEN DESIGN METHOD.docx
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HEALING GARDEN DESIGN METHOD.docx
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HEALINGGARDENDESIGNMETHOD
HealingGardens
Background:
Throughouthistorygardenshavebeenusedtoaidinthehealingprocess-fromtheJapaneseZenGardentotheMonasticCloistergarden.However,withtheadvancesinmedicaltechnologyinthe20thcentury,theuseofgardensashealingelementsbegantodiminish.Fortunatelywiththerecentinterestincomplementaryandalternativetherapies,whichemphasizeshealingthewholeperson--mind,body,andspirit--ratherthansimplyalleviatingsymptoms,theinterestingardenashealerhasbeenrevived.
RoyonajiMeditationGardens©MerylMeisler2001.
CloisterGardenofLincolnCathedral.(PhotocourtesyofMary'sGardens)
Researchhasbeendoneshowingthetherapeuticbenefitsofgardens.RogerUlrich,aprofessoranddirectoroftheCenterforHealthSystemsandDesignatTexasA&MUniversity,foundthatviewingnaturalscenesorelementsfostersstressrecoverybyevokingpositivefeelings,reducingnegativeemotions,effectivelyholdingattention/interest,andblockingorreducingstressfulthoughts.Whenviewingvegetationasopposedtourbanscenes,testsubjectsexhibitedloweralpharateswhichareassociatedwithbeingwakefullyrelaxed.FurtherresearchbyUlrichshowedsurgicalpatientswithviewsofnaturehadshorterpost-operativestays,fewernegativecommentsfromnurses,tooklesspainmedicationandexperiencedfewerminorpost-operativecomplicationsthanthosewithaviewofabrickwall.Althoughmoreresearchisnecessary,resultsbasedonresearchthusfarindicatethehealingeffectsofnaturalelementssuchasgardens.
Whatisahealinggarden?
BasedonresearchbyUlrichandothers,itcouldbearguedthatanygardenisahealinggarden.However,forthepurposesofthisarticle,werefertoEckerling'sdefinitionofahealinggarden:
"agardeninahealingsettingdesignedtomakepeoplefeelbetter"(Eckerling,1996).Thegoalofahealinggardenistomakepeoplefeelsafe,lessstressed,morecomfortableandeveninvigorated.
DesigningHealingGardens:
Whendesigninghealinggardens,thesameconsiderationsareusedasindesigninganyothergarden.However,theseconsiderationstakeonspecialmeaninginhealingenvironments.
∙Functionalityisimperativebecausethegardenneedstoaccommodatethelimitationsoftheusersofthespace.
∙Itisalsoimportantthatthegardendesignbemaintainablebothforphysicalsafetyandtherapeuticbenefits.Atinstitutionssuchashospitals,itisespeciallyimportantthatthegardenbeeasytomaintainbecauseapoorlymaintainedgardencouldmakepatientsloseconfidencethattheyarebeingwelltakencareofbyhospitalstaff.
∙Ifthegardenisn'tenvironmentallysound,itcouldbedetrimentaltotheusersofthespace,especiallythosewhoarephysicallyunwell.
∙Oftentimesthefundingforhealinggardensisraisedthroughdonationsandothercontributions.Thereforeisitimportantthatthegardendesignbecosteffective.
∙Finally,healinggardensaremeanttoprovidepleasantsurroundingstoproducerestorativeeffectsforitsusers.Thegardenwillnotbesuccessfulifitisn'tvisuallypleasing.
PavedwalkwaysoftheSensoryGardenlocatedattheUniversityofMinnesotaLandscapeArboretum(PhotocourtesyoftheUMNLandscapeArboretum)
Itisimportanttousetheprinciplesofdesigntocreateunitywithinthehealinggardendesign.
∙Simplicityisessentialindesigninghealinggardenstokeepthespaceeasytounderstand.Manyofthepeopleusinghealinggardensaredealingwithstress,thereforeitisimportantthatthespacenothavetoomuch"goingon"toaddanyadditionalstress.
∙Atthesametime,thedesignshouldincludeavarietyofform,texture,seasonalinterest,andcolortoprovidesensorystimulation.Nothavingenoughinterestcanalsobestressfultotheusersofthespace.
∙Itisimportanttocreatebalance,whethersymmetricalorasymmetrical,sothespacefeelsstableasawhole.
∙Usekey,specimen,group,andmassplantingstocreateemphasiswithinthespace.Thisprovidesfocalpointstohelppeopleorientthemselvesinthegarden.
∙Createsequenceorsmoothtransitionsfromoneareaofthelandscapetoanother.Thisisespeciallyimportanttocreategoodflowwhengoingfrompublicgatheringareastomoreprivateareasforsolitude.
∙Itisalsoimportanttousetheappropriatescale.Ifthehealinggardenislocatedbyahigh-risebuildingsuchasahospital,useelementssuchastreestobringthespacedowntoahumanscale.
Inadditiontothedesignprincipals,thefollowingisalistofdesignsuggestionsforcreatinghealinggardens.Thesearesimplyguidelines.Eachsiteandapplicationisuniqueandsomeofthesuggestionsmaynotbeappropriate.PathsandSurfaces
∙Providefive-footminimumwidthatpathsforone-waytraffictoaccommodatetheturningradiusofawheelchair.Fortwo-waywheelchairtraffic,provideseven-footminimumwidth.Seeillustrationbelow.
Figure1:
Exampleofpathwidthanddesign.(IllustrationbyM.Furgeson)
∙Createachangeintextureattheedgeofapathtohelppeoplewithlowvisiontorecognizewhentheyareoffthepath.Raisededgesonapathcancreateatrippinghazard.
∙Pathsurfacesmustbefirm,smooth,andprovidetractiontoallowforeasymovementofwheelchairs,gurneysandIVpoles.Pavingwithdeepgroovescanbeanobstacle.Concreteisagoodchoice,butcanbeexpensive.Asphaltabsorbsandradiatesheatwhichcanbehotinthesummer.Decomposedgraniteisgoodforpeopleinwheelchairs,butnotforthoseoncrutches.Newerrubberizedpavingmaterialsarefirmenoughforwheelchairsandalsocushionfalls.
∙Avoidmaterialsthatproduceglare.Lightconcretecanbeespeciallytroublingtoolderpeople.Usetintedconcreteifpossible.
∙Limitgradechangesinmosthighlyusedoutdoorareas.Theslopeofawalkmustnotexceed5%or1footofrisefor20offeetlength.Crossslopemustnotexceed2%or1footofrisefor50feetoflength.Seeillustrationbelow.
MaximumSlope
MaximumCrossSlope
∙Figure2:
Maximumslopeandcrossslope.IllustrationbyM.Furgeson.
∙
∙Whereslopedoesexceed1:
20,provideasupportrailingforthosewithunsurefooting.Consultyourlocalbuildingcodesforexactaccessibilityrequirements.Whendealingwithhealinggardens,buildingcodesarejustastartintermsofclearances.Theyareoftenthebareminimumthatshouldbeallowed.
SpatialLayout
∙Providesavarietyofspacestoaccommodatedifferentactivitiesandlevelsofprivacyfromspacestoallowgroupactivitiestospacesthatallowsolitarycontemplation.
∙Createsaplantingbufferbetweenpeopleinthegardenandanywindowslookingoutontothegardentoavoida"fishbowl"affect.
∙Providestransitionareasbetweenpublicandprivategardenspacesasshowninthefollowingfigure:
Figure3:
Plantingbedprovidestransitionbetweenpublicgatheringareaatrightandmoreintimateseatingareaatleft.(IllustrartionbyM.Furgeson)
∙Providesusersofthegardenoptionsforcontrolofprivacy.
∙Keepsintrusivenoisestoaminimum.Whenpossible,locatethegardenawayfromnoisystreetsormechanicalelementssuchasairconditioners.Whereundesirablenoisescan'tbeavoided,incorporatefeaturestomaskthesoundsuchasawaterfeatureorwindchimes.
∙Thelayoutofthegardenshouldbeeasily"readable"tominimizeconfusionforthosewhoarenotfunctioningwell.Pathsshouldbeclearlylaidout.
∙Landmarksshouldbeprovidedtohelporienttheusersofthespace.Thiscanbedonewithelementssuchassculpture,aprofusionofflowers,orawaterfeatureasshowninthepictureabove.
∙Offeravarietyofsunnyandshadyareasforpeoplewithvaryingtolerancestolightexposure.
∙Offerseatingofasmanytypesandformsaspossibletoprovideachoicetothoseusingthegarden.Lightweightchairsaredesirableinallowinguserstomovetheseatingwherevertheywish.Plentyofsturdyseatingwithbacksandarmsshouldbeprovidedforthosethatneedsupportforsittingforlongperiodsoftime.
∙Wherepossible,provideawaterfeature.Waterprovidesacalmingeffectonpeople.
PlantSelection
∙Whenselectingplantsmaterials,researchwhichparticularspeciesmighthavespecialsacredorevocativemeaningsfortheculturalandagegroupsbeingserved.
∙Ifpossible,useplantsthathavesomemedicinalvalue.ClickhereformoreinformationonMedicinalPlants.Foranexampleofagardendesignusingmedicinalplants,visitSouthernCrossUniversity-MedicinalPlantGarden.
∙Chooseplantsthatengageallthesenses.Useavarietyoftextures,scents,colors,aswellasplantsthatmakepleasantsoundsaswindrustlestheirleaves.Providingseasonalinterestallowspeopletoconnectwiththecycleofnature.
∙Avoidthornyortoxicplants,especiallyingardensusedbychildrenorpeoplewithcertainpsychologicaldisorders.Formoreinformationonpoisonousplants,seetheCornellUniversityPoisonousPlantsInformationalDatabase.
oIncorporateelementsthatwillattractwildlifeincludingberry-producingshrubs,birdbathsandbirdfeeders.Avoidplantsthatattractlargenumbersofbeesorundesirableinsects.
(PhotocourtesyofUMNLandscapeArboretum)
∙Chooseinsect-anddisease-resistantvarietiestoeliminatepesticideuse.
∙Planthighermaintenanceplantssuchasvegetables,herbsandcutflowersineasy-toreachorraisedbeds.
Flowersandvegetablesareplantedinraisedbedstocreateeaseofmaintenanceandeasieraccessbyvisitorswithlimitedmobility.(PhotocourtesyoftheUMNLandscapeArboretum)
DesigningHealingGardensforSpecificUses:
Thefollowingisalistofdesignsuggest
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