高中化学必修1 第四章知识点.docx
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高中化学必修1 第四章知识点.docx
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高中化学必修1第四章知识点
高中化学必修1第四章知识点(Highschoolchemistry1chapter4knowledgepoints)
Thefourthchapter
Thefirstsectionofsilicon
Innature,siliconisintheformofsilicaandsilicates,andthereisnosuchthingassilicon
Thepropertiesofsilicondioxide:
highmeltingpoint,largehardnessandinsolubleinwater
1.Silicaisacidicoxide:
canreactwithalkalioralkalineoxide
SiO2naoh+2=Na2SiO3+H2O
Theformationofsodiumsilicateismoreviscous,sotheglassreagentoftheacidsolutionisnotusedfortheglass,andtherubberplugisused
SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3
Hydrofluoricacidistheonlyacidthatreactswithsilicondioxide
SiO2+4HF=SiF4arrow+H2O
Hydrofluoricacidcancorrodetheglassandcanbeusedtosculpttheglass,whichcan'tbeusedinglassreagentbottles,butplasticbottles.
Applicationofsilica:
fiberoptics,silicon,glass,handicraft(quartz,crystal,agate)
Thepreparationofsilicicacid:
Na2SiO3+2HCl=2NaCl+H2SiO3
Silicicacidisawhitecolloidalsolidthatisinsolubleinwaterandismoreacidicthancarbonated
Tothesodiumsilicatesolution,thecarbondioxideisformedinwhitesilicate
Na2sio3+CO2+H2O=Na2CO3+H2SiO3
Silicagelcanbedesiccantafterdehydration
Theaqueoussolutionofsodiumsilicateiscalledwaterglass,whichcanbeusedassoapfiller,woodfireretardantandadhesive.
Note:
thewaterglass(i.e.,sodiumsilicatesolution)issensitivetotheCO2reactionintheairandproducesH2SiO3.Itshouldbesealedandpreserved
Applicationofsilicate:
ceramic,glassandcement
Simplesilicon:
properties:
metallicblacksolidwithmetallicluster,highmeltingpoint,highhardness,stableatnormaltemperature
Method:
NormaltemperaturecanreactwithalkalisolutionandHF
Si+naoh+2H2O+2==Na2SiO3h2write
Siplus4HF=SiF4+2H2
USES:
Semiconductormaterials,photovoltaic(computerchips,semiconductortransistors,)
Sectioniitheelementofenrichmentinseawater-chlorine
1.Thepresenceofchlorine:
innaturechlorineexistsmainlyinseawater,mainlyinCl-form.
2.Physicalpropertiesofchlorinegas:
agaswithapungentsmellandpoisonousyellowandgreen,
Itissolubleinwater(1:
2),lowtemperatureandeasytoliquefywhenpressurized.
3.Chemicalpropertiesofchlorinegas:
A,chlorinegasandmetalreactions
2Na+Cl2==2NaCl(yellowflame,whitesmoke)
Cu+Cl2==CuCl2(palmyellowsmoke,asmallamountofwaterwithagreensolution,suchasalargeamountofwaterinblue)
2Fe+3Cl2==2FeCl3(notgeneratingFeCl2)(brownsmoke)
B,chlorinegasandnonmetallicreactions
H2+Cl2===2HCl(whitefog)(explosionunderlightofCl2andH2)
2P+3Cl2(asmallamount)==2PCl3(whitefog)(whitesmokewhenchlorineandParelit)
2P+5Cl2(lots)==2PCl5(whitesmoke)
(combustion:
theintensechemicalreactionofanyglowingheatiscalledcombustion.Combustiondoesnothavetobeoxygentoparticipate.ThenatureofcombustionistheREDOXreaction.)
C,chlorineandwater
Cl2+H2O═HCl+HClO(Cl2dobothoxidantandreducingagent)
Hypochlorousacid(HClO)unaryweakacid(acidisweakerthancarbonicacid),strongoxidation(sterilization,disinfection),bleaching,unstableandeasytodecompose.
2HClO==2HCl+O2
Newchlorinewatercomposition(particle):
Cl2,H2O,HClO,H+,Cl-,ClO-
Chlorinewatercomposition(particle):
H2O,H+,Cl-
Drychlorinegasisnotbleached,andtheessenceofbleachingisHClOinchlorinewater.
D,thereactionwithabasesolution
Cl2+2OHminus==Cl-+ClO-+H2O(usingsodiumhydroxidetoabsorbexcessCl2)
Theingredientsofbleach,CaCl2andCa(ClO)2
Theactiveingredientofbleachingpowder,Ca(ClO)2
Bleachingprincipleofbleachingpowder:
theprocessofproducinghypochlorousacidbycontactwithCO2intheair.
E.Reactionofchlorinegastoothercompounds(strongoxidant):
ReductivesubstancessuchasFe2+,Br-,I-,SO2,SO32-...Thesubstancecanbeoxidizedbychlorinegas.
2fecl2+Cl2fecl3==2
2nabr+nacl+Br2Cl2==2
2nai+Cl2nacl+I2==2
H2S+Cl2==S+2HCL
Na2SO3+H2O+nacl+-H2SO4Cl2==2
F.Laboratorypreparationofchlorinegas
Section3oxidesofsulfurandnitrogen
Sulfur:
yellowpowder,insolubleinwater,solubleinalcohol,solubleinCS2.
Sandmetalreactwithmetalsulfide(suchasCu2S,FeS,etc.)
SO2:
colorless,pungentandpungent,noxiousgas,withadenserthanair,easytoliquefy,easytodissolveinwater,1volumeofwaterdissolvedin40volumesofSO2.It'stheacidanhydrideofH2SO3.
SO2+H2OH2SO3SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O
ThebleachingofSO2makesthemagentacolorfade,thenon-oxidizedreductionreaction,temporary,canonlymakethepurplelitmustestliquidred,cannotmakeitfade.SO2canbeusedtokillbacteria.
TheweakoxidationofSO2:
SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2O
Strongreducib
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