英语专业八级真题答案.docx
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英语专业八级真题答案.docx
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英语专业八级真题答案
听力
Mini-lecture
今年的讲座名为“ParalinguisticFeaturesofLanguages”,主题是辅助语言学,对于英语专业的学生来说,这个话题或许没有专门学过,但并不陌生。
讲座类的内容非常突出的特点就是逻辑性强,思路很清晰,所以在听音频做笔记的时候,要特别注意总起性质的句子。
一般来说lecture的第一段会对接下来的内容做总结介绍,如果下文划分成若干个小类别,会概括性地提到这些类别,然后在后文进行详细的例证、再分类。
第一段对给考生一个宏观性的思路非常重要,听漏掉一两点也没关系,下文必然会重新提到。
听力原文
Paralinguisticfeaturesoflanguages
Goodmorning,everyone.Todaywe'llcontinueourdiscussionondescribinglanguage.Lastweekweexaminedsuchfeaturesoflanguageasgrammar,vocabulary,thesoundsoflanguage,etc.Inthislecture,we'lllookatanotherimportantaspectoflanguage.Perhapssomeofyoumaywonderwhatisthisimportantaspectoflanguage.Letmetellyou.Itreferstofeaturesofcommunicationthattakesplacewithouttheuseofgrammarandvocabulary.Theyarecalled‘paralinguisticfeaturesoflanguage'.Thesefeaturesfallintotwobroadcategories:
thosethatinvolvevoiceandthosethatinvolvethebody.
Now,thefirstcategory,iswhatwecallvocalparalinguisticfeatures.Vocalfeaturesareactuallytonesofvoice.Whiletheyare,perhaps,notcentraltomeaningincommunicationinthesamewayasgrammarorvocabulary,theymay,nevertheless,conveyattitudeorintentioninsomeway.Letmegiveyousomeexamples.Thefirstiswhispering,whichindicatestheneedsforsecrecy.Thesecondisbreathiness.Thisistoshowdeepemotion.Thethirdishuskiness,whichistoshowunimportant.Thefourthisnasality.Thisistoindicateanxiety.Thelastisextralip-rounding,whichexpressesgreaterintimacy,especiallywithbabies,forexample.Sowecanseethatthereareanumberofwaysofalteringourtoneofvoice.Andwhenwedothisconsciously,wedoittocreatedifferenteffectsincommunication.
Now,let'scometothesecondcategory,physicalparalinguisticfeatures,whichinvolvesthebody.Inadditiontoconveymeaningswithtoneofvoice,wecanalsoexpressourintentionsthroughthewaysinwhichweuseourbodies.Youmayask:
whataretheways,then?
Letmesightsomebriefexamples.Theexpressiononourface,thegestureswemakeandevenproximityorwaywesit,aresomeofthewayswesendpowerfulmessages.Abouthowwefeel,orwhatwemean.Letmeexplainsomeoftheseinmoredetail.First,facialexpression.Facialexpressionisapowerfulconveyerofmeaning.Weallknowsmilingisanalmostuniversalsignalofpleasureorwelcome.Butthereareotherfacialexpressionsthatmaynotbesocommon.Forinstance,raisingeye-brows-suggestthatyouaresurprisedorinterestedinsomething.Otherfacialactions,suchasbitingyourlip,whichindicatesthatyouaredeepinthinking,orareuncertainaboutsomething;compressingthelips,whichshowthatyouaremakingdecisions;andavisibleclenchingoftheteeth,toshowthatyouareangry,areallpowerfulconveyersofmeaning,too.Thesecondinthiscategoryisgesture.Yousee,weusegesturetoindicateawiderangeofmeanings.ThoughIhavetoemphasizethattheactualgesturesweusemaybespecifictoparticularcultures.Thatistosaydifferentcultureshavetheirownfavoritegesturesinconveyingmeaning.Here,afewexamplesmayshowyouhowpowerfulgesturescanbe.InBritishEnglishbehavior,shruggingshouldersmayindicateanattitudeof‘Idon'tcare',or‘Idon'tknow'.Crossingyourarmsmayindicaterelaxation.Butitcanalsopowerfullyshowyouarebored.Wavingcanmeanwelcomeandfarewell.Whilescratchingyourheadmayindicatethatyouareataloss.Inothercultures,placingyourhanduponyourheartistoindicatethatyouaretellingthetruth.Pointingyourfingeratyournosemeansit'sasecret.That'swhywesaythatgesturesareculturebound.Thethirdisproximity,postureandechoing.Proximityreferstothephysicaldistancebetweenspeakers.Thiscanindicateanumberofthingsandcanalsobeusedtoconsciouslysendmessagesaboutintent.Closeness,forexample,indicatesintimacyorthreattomanyspeakers.Butdistancemayshowformality,orlackofinterest.Onceagain,I'dliketosay,proximityisalsobothamatterofpersonalstyle,andisoftenculturebound.So,whatmayseemnormaltoaspeakerfromoneculturemayappearunnecessarilycloseordistanttoaspeakerfromanother.Andstandingclosetosomeonemaybequiteappropriateinsomesituationssuchasaninformalparty,butcompletelyoutofplaceinothersituations,suchasameetingwithasuperior.Next,posture.Posturemeansthewayinwhichsomeoneholdshisorherbody,especiallytheback,shouldersandhead,whenstanding,walkingorsitting.Afewexamples.Hunchedshouldersandahangingheadgiveapowerfulindicationofwhetherthepersonishappyornot.Aloweredheadwhenspeakingtoasuperior,withorwithouteyecontactcanconveytheappropriaterelationshipinsomecultures.Ontheotherhand,directleveleyecontact,changesthenatureofinteraction,andcanbeenseenaseitheropenorchallenging.Last,echoing.Now,whatisechoing?
Letmestartwithanexample.Someofyoumayhavenoticedthisphenomenoninyourexperience.Whentwopeoplearekeentoagreeeachother,theywouldlikely,thoughunconsciouslyadoptthesameposture,asifanimitationofeachother.Theysitorstandinthesamemanor.Whenusedinthisway,echoingappearstocomplementtheverbalcommunication.Ofcourse,whensuchimitationiscarriedoutconsciously,itoftenindicatesthatsomeoneismarkingatanotherspeaker.
Ok,intoday'slecture,welookedatsomeparalinguisticfeatures,suchastoneofvoice,gestureandposture.Thesefeatures,togetherwithlinguisticfeaturesoflanguage,likegrammar,orvocabulary,areallpartofthewaywecommunicatewitheachotherinfacetofaceencounters.Inournextlecture,we'llwatchsomevideomaterial,andseehowpeopleactuallyuseparalinguisticmeansincommunicationtoexpresstheirintentionordesireormood.
文章要点
I.VocalParalinguisticFeatures
1.whispering-theneedsforsecrecy
2.breathiness-deepemotion
3.huskiness-unimportants
4.nasality-anxiety
5.extralip-rounding-greaterintimacy
II.physicalparalinguisticfeatures
1.facialexpression-powerfulconveyerofmeaning.
--e.g.1smiling:
pleasureorwelcome
--e.g.2raisingeye-brows:
surprisedorinterestedinsomething
--e.g.3bitingyourlip:
deepinthinking/uncertainaboutsomething
--e.g.4compressingthelips:
makingdecisions
--e.g.5clenchingoftheteeth:
angry
2.gesture-culturebound
--e.g.1shruggingshoulders:
'Idon'tcare',or'Idon'tknow'
--e.g.2crossingyourarms:
relaxation/bored
--e.g.3waving:
welcomeandfarewell
--e.g.4scratchingyourhead:
ataloss
--e.g.5placingyourhanduponyourheart:
tellingthetruth
--e.g.6pointingyourfingeratyournose:
it'sasecret
3.proximity,postureandechoing
1).proximity:
personalstyle&culturebound
--e.g.1closeness:
intimacy,threat
--e.g.2distance:
fomality,lackofinterest
2).posture:
thewayinwhichsomeoneholdshisorherbody
--e.g.1Hunchedshouldersandahanginghead:
happyornot
--e.g.2Aloweredhead,eyecontact:
theappropriaterelationship
--e.g.3directleveleyecontact:
openorchallenging
3).echoing:
tocomplementtheverbalcommunication
听写参考答案
1tonesofvoice2huskiness3universalsignal;4thoughtoruncertainty5indifference6honesty7distance;8situation;9mood;10unconsciouslysameposture
选择部分 1.C2.A3.D4.A5.C6.B7.C8.D9.D10.A
阅读
ACBADCCADBABBBCADDAC
改错参考答案
1be后插入as;2their改为its;3There改为It;4Whereas改为But5further改为much
6come改为bring;7similar改为different;8will改为would;9asimportant去掉as;10thepart去掉the
改错原文
Sofaraswecantell,allhumanlanguagesareequallycompleteandperfectasinstrumentsofcommunication:
thatis,everylanguageappearstobeaswellequippedasanyothertosaythethingsitsspeakerswanttosay.Itmayormaynotbeappropriatetotalkaboutprimitivepeoplesorcultures,butthatisanothermatter.Certainly,notallgroupsofpeopleareequallycompetentinnuclearphysicsorpsychologyorthecultivationofriceortheengravingofBenaresbrass.Butthisisnotthefaultoftheirlanguage.TheEskimoscanspeakaboutsnowwithagreatdealmoreprecisionandsubtletythanwecaninEnglish,butthisisnotbecausetheEskimolanguage(oneofthosesometimesmiscalled’primitive’)isinherentlymorepreciseandsubtlethanEnglish.ThisexampledoesnotbringtolightadefectinEnglish,ashowofunexpected’primitiveness’.ThepositionissimplyandobviouslythattheEskimosandtheEnglishliveindifferentenvironments.TheEnglishlanguagewouldbejustasrichintermsfordifferentkindsofsnow,presumably,iftheenvironmentsinwhichEnglishwashabituallyusedmadesuchdistinctionimportant.
Similarly,wehavenoreasontodoubtthattheEskimolanguagecouldbeaspreciseandsubtleonthesubjectofmotormanufactureorcricketifthesetopicsformedpartoftheEskimos’life.Forobvioushistoricalreasons,Englishmeninthenineteenthcenturycouldnottalkaboutmotorcarswiththeminutediscriminationwhichispossibletoday:
carswerenotapartoftheirculture.Buttheyhadahostoftermsforhorse-drawnvehicleswhichsendus,puzzled,toahistoricaldictionarywhenwearereadingScottorDickens.Howmanyofuscoulddistinguishbetweenachaise,alandau,avictoria,abrougham,acoupe,agig,adiligence,awhisky,acalash,atilbury,acarriole,aphaeton,andaclarence?
人文知识参考答案
31、D;32、A;33、D;34、A;35、C;
36、D;37、A;38、A;39、C;40、B。
1英国宪法
2魁北克
3澳大利亚独立日
4美国奴隶解放宣言
5金融家
6BROWNING
7allegory
8blending
9Languageacquisition
10路标的语言作用
人文知识解析
31.WhichofthefollowingisINCORRECT
答案D:
TheBritishConstituitonincludesonesinglewrittenconstitution
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