写作 five women.docx
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写作 five women.docx
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写作fivewomen
Jazzisa1992historicalnovelbyPulitzerandNobelPrize-winningAmericanauthorToniMorrison.ThemajorityofthenarrativetakesplaceinHarlemduringthe1920s,however,asthepastsofthevariouscharactersareexplored,thenarrativeextendsbacktothemid-19thcenturyAmericanSouth.
ThenovelformsthesecondpartofMorrison'sDantesquetrilogyonAfricanAmericanhistory,beginningwithBelovedandendingwithParadise.
[edit]Narrativestyleandthemes
Thenoveldeliberatelymirrorsthemusicofitstitle,withvariouscharacters"improvising"solocompositionsthatfittogetherlateawholework.Thetoneofthenovelalsoshiftswiththesecompositions,frombluesylamentstoupbeat,sensualragtime.ThenovelalsoutilizesthecallandresponsestyleofJazzmusic,allowingthecharacterstoexplorethesameeventsfromdifferentperspectives.
Thisbookutilizesthestyleof"untrustworthynarrators",inwhichrealityisalteredslightlybythestoryteller'semotionsandperspective.Narrationswitcheseverysooftentotheviewpointofvariouscharacters,inanimateobjects,andevenconcepts.ThebooksfinalnarratoriswidelybelievedtobeMorrisonorperhapsthebookitself[1].
OneofthemainthemesofthenovelispurgatoryandthecatharticabilityofJazzmusic.
[edit]Characters
JoeTrace,adoor-to-doorcosmeticssalesmanandthemurdererofhisyounglover.
VioletTrace,anunlicensedbeautician.VioletismarriedtoJoe.Sheisnicknamed"Violent"becausesheassaultedthecorpseofJoe’sloverwithaknifeatthefuneral.
Dorcas,Joe'syounglover,whoisshotdownataparty.DorcasisinspiredbyapicturefromTheHarlemBookoftheDead(acollectionoffuneralphotographsbyJamesVanDerZee).
AliceManfred,Dorcas’Auntandguardian.AconservativeChristianashamedbyherniece’sbehavior.AliceentersintoanunusualfriendshipwithViolet.
Felice,afriendofDorcas’whogoestotheTracehouseholdinsearchofanswers.
GoldenGray,amixedracemanfromthe19thcentury.GoldenappearsinbothJoe'sandViolet’shistories.
ToniMorrison
ToniMorrison(bornChloeArdeliaWofford[1]onFebruary18,1931)isaNobelPrizeandPulitzerPrize-winningAmericannovelist,editor,andprofessor.Hernovelsareknownfortheirepicthemes,vividdialogue,andrichlydetailedblackcharacters.AmongherbestknownnovelsareTheBluestEye,SongofSolomonandBeloved.
Earlylifeandcareer
ToniMorrisonwasborninLorain,OhiotoGeorgeandRamah(Willis)Wofford,thesecondoffourchildreninaworking-classfamily.[2]Asachild,Morrisonreadconstantly;amongherfavoriteauthorswereJaneAustenandLeoTolstoy.Morrison'sfathertoldhernumerousfolktalesoftheblackcommunity(amethodofstorytellingthatwouldlaterworkitswayintoMorrison'swritings).[3]
In1949MorrisonenteredHowardUniversity,whereshereceivedaB.A.inEnglishin1953.ShethenearnedaMasterofArtsdegreeinEnglishfromCornellUniversityin1955,forwhichshewroteathesisonsuicideintheworksofWilliamFaulknerandVirginiaWoolf.[4]Aftergraduation,MorrisonbecameanEnglishinstructoratTexasSouthernUniversityinHouston,Texas(1955–57),thenreturnedtoHowardtoteachEnglish.ShebecameamemberofAlphaKappaAlphaSorority,Inc.
In1958shemarriedHaroldMorrison,aJamaicanarchitectandfellowfacultymemberatHowardUniversity.Theyhadtwochildren,HaroldandSlade,anddivorcedin1964.AfterthedivorceshemovedtoSyracuse,NewYork,wheresheworkedasatextbookeditor.AyearandahalflatershewenttoworkasaneditorattheNewYorkCityheadquartersofRandomHouse.[4]
AsaneditorMorrisonplayedavitalroleinbringingblackliteratureintothemainstream,editingbooksbyauthorssuchasToniCadeBambara,AngelaDavis,andGaylJones.[5]
[edit]Writingcareer
ToniMorrisonattheMiamiBookFairInternationalof1986MorrisonbeganwritingfictionaspartofaninformalgroupofpoetsandwritersatHowardUniversitywhomettodiscusstheirwork.Shewenttoonemeetingwithashortstoryaboutablackgirlwholongedtohaveblueeyes.Thestorylaterevolvedintoherfirstnovel,TheBluestEye(1970),whichshewrotewhileraisingtwochildrenandteachingatHoward.[4]In2000itwaschosenasaselectionforOprah'sBookClub.[6]
In1975hernovelSula(1973)wasnominatedfortheNationalBookAward.Herthirdnovel,SongofSolomon(1977),broughthernationalattention.ThebookwasamainselectionoftheBook-of-the-MonthClub,thefirstnovelbyablackwritertobesochosensinceRichardWright'sNativeSonin1940.ItwontheNationalBookCriticsCircleAward.
In1987Morrison'snovelBelovedbecameacriticalsuccess.WhenthenovelfailedtowintheNationalBookAwardaswellastheNationalBookCriticsCircleAward,anumberofwritersprotestedovertheomission.[4][7]Shortlyafterward,itwonthePulitzerPrizeforfictionandtheAmericanBookAward.Belovedwasadaptedintothe1998filmofthesamenamestarringOprahWinfreyandDannyGlover.MorrisonlaterusedMargaretGarner'slifestoryagaininanopera,MargaretGarner,withmusicbyRichardDanielpour.InMay2006,TheNewYorkTimesBookReviewnamedBelovedthebestAmericannovelpublishedintheprevioustwenty-fiveyears.
In1993MorrisonwasawardedtheNobelPrizeinLiterature.Hercitationreads:
ToniMorrison,"whoinnovelscharacterizedbyvisionaryforceandpoeticimport,giveslifetoanessentialaspectofAmericanreality."Shortlyafterwards,afiredestroyedherRocklandCounty,NewYorkhome.[2][8]
In1996theNationalEndowmentfortheHumanitiesselectedMorrisonfortheJeffersonLecture,theU.S.federalgovernment'shighesthonorforachievementinthehumanities.[9]Morrison'slecture,entitled"TheFutureofTime:
LiteratureandDiminishedExpectations,"[10]beganwiththeaphorism,"Time,itseems,hasnofuture,"andcautionedagainstmisuseofhistorytodiminishexpectationsofthefuture.[11]
Morrisonwashonoredwiththe1996NationalBookFoundation'sMedalofDistinguishedContributiontoAmericanLetters,whichisawardedtoawriter"whohasenrichedourliteraryheritageoveralifeofservice,oracorpusofwork."[12]
Althoughhernovelstypicallyconcentrateonblackwomen,Morrisondoesnotidentifyherworksasfeminist.[13]Shehasstatedthatshethinks"it'soff-puttingtosomereaders,whomayfeelthatI'minvolvedinwritingsomekindoffeministtract.Idon'tsubscribetopatriarchy,andIdon'tthinkitshouldbesubstitutedwithmatriarchy.Ithinkit'saquestionofequitableaccess,andopeningdoorstoallsortsofthings."[13]
Inadditiontohernovels,Morrisonhasalsoco-writtenbooksforchildrenwithheryoungerson,SladeMorrison,whoworksasapainterandmusician.
[edit]Laterlife
MorrisontaughtEnglishattwobranchesoftheStateUniversityofNewYork.In1984shewasappointedtoanAlbertSchweitzerchairattheUniversityatAlbany,TheStateUniversityofNewYork.From1989untilherretirementin2006,MorrisonheldtheRobertF.GoheenChairintheHumanitiesatPrincetonUniversity.[3]
ThoughbasedintheCreativeWritingProgram,Morrisondidnotregularlyofferwritingworkshopstostudentsafterthelate1990s,afactthatearnedhersomecriticism.Rather,shehasconceivedanddevelopedtheprestigiousPrincetonAtelier,aprogramthatbringstogethertalentedstudentswithcriticallyacclaimed,world-famousartists.Togetherthestudentsandtheartistsproduceworksofartthatarepresentedtothepublicafterasemesterofcollaboration.InherpositionatPrinceton,Morrisonusedherinsightstoencouragenotmerelynewandemergingwriters,butartistsworkingtodevelopnewformsofartthroughinterdisciplinaryplayandcooperation.
Atits1979commencementceremonies,BarnardCollegeawardedheritshighesthonor,theBarnardMedalofDistinction.OxfordUniversityawardedheranhonoraryDoctorofLettersdegreeinJune2005.
InNovember2006,MorrisonvisitedtheLouvreMuseuminParisasthesecondinits"GrandInvité"programtoguest-curateamonth-longseriesofeventsacrosstheartsonthethemeof"TheForeigner'sHome."Inspiredbyhercuratorship,MorrisonreturnedtoPrincetoninFall2008toleadasmallseminar,alsoentitled"TheForeigner'sHome."
InMay2010,MorrisonappearedatPenWorldVoicesforaconversationwithMarlenevanNiekerkandKwameAnthonyAppiahaboutSouthAfricanliterature,andspecifically,vanNiekerk'snovel,Agaat.[1]
SheiscurrentlyamemberoftheeditorialboardofTheNationmagazine.
[edit]Politics
Inwritingabouttheimpeachmentin1998,Morrisonwrotethat,sinceWhitewater,BillClintonhadbeenmistreatedbecauseofhis"Blackness":
Yearsago,inthemiddleoftheWhitewaterinvestigation,oneheardthefirstmurmurs:
whiteskinnotwithstanding,thisisourfirstblackPresident.Blackerthananyactualblackpersonwhocouldeverbeelectedinourchildren’slifetime.Afterall,Clintondisplaysalmosteverytropeofblackness:
single-parenthousehold,bornpoor,working-class,saxophone-playing,McDonald’s-and-junk-food-lovingboyfromArkansas.[14]
Thephrase"ourfirstBlackpresident"wasadoptedasapositivebyBillClintonsupporterssuchasonSeptember29,2001,whentheCongressionalBlackCaucushonoredtheformerpresidentatitsdinnerinWashingtonD.C.,withthechair,Rep.EddieBerniceJohnson(D-TX),tellingtheaudiencethatClinton"tooksomanyinitiativeshemadeusthinkforawhilewehadelectedthefirstblackpresident.".[15]
Inthecontextofthe2008DemocraticPrimarycampaign,MorrisonstatedtoTimemagazine:
"Peoplemisunderstoodthatphrase.IwasdeploringthewayinwhichPresidentClintonwasbeingtr
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