华师美国文学史考点.docx
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华师美国文学史考点.docx
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华师美国文学史考点
WhatarethedistinctivefeaturesofSouthernandNorthernEnglishcoloniesinAmerica?
Northern
(Massachussets)1620,MayFlower,WilliamBradford,Plantation大农场
ThefirstcolonistswereSeparatistPuritans(Pilgrims).
■TheysettledinNewEnglandtogainreligiousfreedom.
■Thereligiousfreedomtheysoughtwasnotreadilygrantedtoothersoutsidetheirfaith.
■Mostcolonistsgrewtheirownfood.
■Thesoilwastoothinandrockyandtheclimatetooharshforthecoloniststogrowcashcrops.■Theyturnedtofishing,lumbering,furtrading,andmetalworkingtonourishtheireconomy.
Southern1607,JohnSmith,Virginia,seekforfortune,”MotherofPresidents”
■ThefirstcolonistswereEnglishandsettledinJamestown,Virginiain1607.
■Theirgoalwastofindgoldinordertoobtainwealthasrapidlyaspossible.
■Tobaccoandgrainbecamethemajorcashcropsofthesoutherncolonies.
■Thesecashcropsweregrownonlargeplantationsoflandthatneededlargenumbersofworkers.
■Indenturedservantswerefirstused.Astheirnumbersdwindled,slaveswereused.
■Asmallnumberofpeopleownedlargeamountsofland.
■Religionandreligiousfreedomwerenotlargeconcernsformostsoutherncolonists.
2distinctivetypesimpressedonearlyAmericanliteratureandleftaculturalheritagethatAmericanwritershavecontinuedtodrawoneversince.(Puritan(idealistic),,Cavalier(practical)骑士)
ThepuritanswereCalvinists加尔文主义者
Calvinismemphasizesoriginalsinandman’sfallandseesmanasanutterlycorruptbeingwhocanberegeneratedonlythroughGod’sgrace.
If,todayinUSAthereisaspiritofself-examination,azealtoimprovethecountryandupliftthecharacterofitscitizens,itistoalargeextentinheritedfromPuritans.
UnlikethePuritans,theCavalierplanters’deepestinterestswerelikelytobesocial,economic,andpoliticalratherthanreligious.
Bythemiddleof18thcentury,asenseofnationalidentitywasbeginningtoemerge.
Freedomandindependencewerefocused.
Duringthisera,literaturebecametherecordofthemindratherthatofthespirit,ofmindswhichgrappledwithideasandtranslatedthemintospeeches,essaysandgreatpoliticaltestaments.
Theworkofmeninthisera:
BenjaminFranklin(leaderwriterofthisperiod),PatrickHenry,ThomasPaine,ThomasJeffersonandGeorgeWashington.(nottheprofessionalwriters.)
Theworksweresermons,histories,journals,speeches,pamphletsandpoliticaldocuments.
Inthe19thcentury,otherwriters----Poe,Longfellow,Irving,HawthornewouldWritemorespecificallyliteraryworks:
poems,shortstoriesandnovels.Mostoftheearlier,colonial,writershadnosuchawarenessbuttheirsolidachievementsformedthebeginningofAmericanliteraturewhichexpressednationalconsciousness
ThesoutherncolonistsproducedlesswritingthantheirNewEnglandcounterparts.
BeforeCivilWartherewasonlyanincipient初步的andcomparativelyfruitless不成功的,徒劳的literaryactivityintheSouth.
Thesoutherncoloniesdidnotrearpoetsandphilosophersbutstatesmen.“Motherofpresidents”.
JohnSmith(1579-1631
1.Soldieroffortune.EstablishthefirstBritishcolonyinAmerica
2.In1608hewroteATrueRelationofVirginia,thefirstEnglishbookwritteninAmerica
3.Writingstyle:
boasting,exaggeration.
JohnathanEdwards
1.Theologian,believeinCalvinisticfaith
2.HispowerfulpreachinghelpedsparkamajorreligiousrevivalcalledtheGreatAwakeningthatspreadthroughNewEnglandinthe1730sand1740s.
3.ThepowerofEdwards’ssermonsisachievedlargelythrougheffectiveuseofmetaphor,ascanbeseenin“SinnersintheHandsofanAngryGod.”落在忿怒之上帝手中的罪人
AnneBradstreet1612-1672
1.Femalepoet
2.HerfirstvolumeappearinginLondonin1650wastitled“ThetenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica.”
3.AllherpoemsareinthestrongPuritanfaith.
4.Manyofhermostinterestingpoemswerewrittenoutofhereverydayexperience.
Style:
conventionalandexaggeratedmanner
PhilipFreneau1752-1832
1.HeisthefirstpeopletowritetheIndianpeopleinAmerica
2.HispoetryiscloselyidentifiedwiththeAmericanRevolution.
3.TheWildHoneysuckle野金银花
4.Apoemabouttheepisodeentitled“TheBritishPrisonShip.”
BenjaminFranklin1706-1790
1.Heclaimsforthrifty,frugality.
2.PoorRichard’sAlmanack穷查理的年鉴
3.Hisautobiography.富兰克林自传
ThomasPaine1737-1809
1.Hepublishedapamphlet(brochure)entitledCommonSense,whichadvocatedcompletepoliticalindependenceofEngland.
2.Thomaspainewrotethefirstnumberofanirregularlyissuedperiodical,knownastheCrisis.
3.“Wherelibertyisnot,thereismyhome.”
4.TheRightsofMan,
5.TheAgeofReason
ThomasJefferson1743-1826
1.“themostextraordinarycollectionoftalent,ofhumanknowledge,thathaseverbeengatheredtogetherattheWhiteHouse,withthepossibleexceptionofwhenThomasJeffersondinedalone.”
2.JeffersonwasoneoftheVirginiarepresentativestotheSecondContinentalCongress.
3.Jefferson’smostillustriousliteraryachievementisthe“DeclarationofIndependence”(Weholdthesetruthstobeselfevident:
thatallmenarecreatedequal;人人生而平等thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertaininalienablerights权利不可分割,thatamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness.)
CharlesBrockdenBrown1771-1810
1.CharlesBrockdenBrownwasthefirstprofessionalmanoflettersinAmerica.
2.Style:
gothicorromantic
3.WorkingunderEnglishinfluenceBrowngavetoAmericahisfirstgreatGothicromancesofwhichWielandisconsideredthestrongest.
AmericanLiteratureofRomanticEra1820-1865
Thewarof1812strengthenedtheAmericansenseofunityandofnationalidentity→confidence→romanticism
1820SydneySmithposedthequestion“Inthefourquartersoftheglobe,whoreadsanAmericanbook?
”
1820WashingtonIrving’sSketchBookappearedandprovedpopularinUSAandEngland.
3yearslater,WilliamCullenBryant’spoem“Thanatopsis”hadbeenpublishedintheNorthAmericanReview.
1823JamesFenimoreCooper’sfirstnovelaboutNattyBumppo(anIndiancharacter),ThePioneers,waspublished.
4yearslater,EdgarAllanPoeissuedhisfirstcollectionofpoems.
(allthesewritersprovidedananswertoSmith’squestion,fortheyproducedliteraryworksthatwerenotonlyreadbyAmericansbutadmiredbyeducatedEuropeans.)
CooperandPoemadeimportantcontributionstoWesternliteratureandculture.
Cooper’sidyllic(田园诗的)descriptionsoflifeintheAmericanforestandhiscreationofNattyBumppo(anIndiansetanidealoflifefortheschoolboysofmanycountries.
Poe’scultivationofeffectsofterroranddespairinhistalesandpoemshadaprofoundeffectontheFrenchpoetandonmodernEuropeanpoetry.
AmericaremainedundertheculturaldominationofEnglandlongafterithadwonitspoliticalindependence.
ThestoryofAmericanliteratureintheearlypartofthenineteenthcenturyisthestoryofAmericanwriterstryingtoworkouttheirownculturaldestiny,tocreateadistinctiveliteratureseparatefromEnglishliterature,andtomakethisliteratureasignificantpartofthenationallife.
The18thcenturywasaclassicalperiodinanymusicandliterature
Thefirstpartofthe19thcenturywasdominatedbyRomanticism
Neartheendofthe18thcentury,theclassicismshiftedtoRomanticism.
Classicism:
regularityofgoodsense;moderation;thefinite;reason;thetradition;normal,universal;clarity,balanceandorder
Romanticism:
rageofincorrectness;imagination;theinfinite;emotion;original,strange,thedeeplypersonal;originality,emotional,sincerity.
Romanticism:
1.Anappealtoemotionratherthanreason.2.Aninterestinnature.3.Aninterestinthepicturesqueandunusual.4.Aspiritofnationalism.
OnecharacteristicoftheRomanticmovementbecamemoreandmoreimportant:
abeliefintheinnategoodnessoftheindividualman.Manaccordingtomanyromanticism,wasborngood.
1837EmersondeliveredanaddressatHarvardwhichhecalled“TheAmericanScholar”,whichisregardedasoneofthemostimportanteventsintheintellectuallifeofAmericanlife.
(heclaimedthatthebeginningofanewageinwhichAmericawouldbetheintellectualleaderoftheworldwouldcome.)
NewEnglandwasalivewiththeexcitementofideas,vitalizedbythesensethatitsculturalandintellectualtimehadcome.ThisperiodinAmericanliteraturehasbeencalledbysomescholarsthe“AmericanRenaissance”.
VanWyckBrooks:
TheFloweringofNewEngland.HasdescribedthecontributionoftheNewEnglandwritersofthisperiod.
AlthoughConcord,Massachusettswasasmalltown,thewritersandthinkerswhocongregatedtherehadamajorinfluenceontheintellectuallifeofAmerica.
TranscendentalClub:
Wordsworth,Coleridge,CarlyleandGoethe.
OneofthemostinfluentialmagazinesofthetimeTheDial,areeditedbyEmersonandMargaretFulleratdifferenttimes.
Thephilosophyoftranscendentalismwhichmembersoftheclubadvocated,hadavitaleffectonmanywritersofthetime,includingthosewhowereskepticaloropposedit.
CambridgeGroup:
HenryWordsworthLongfellow,OliverWendellHolmesandJamesRussellLowell.
Nineteenth-centurywriting,bothAmericanandEuropeanwasdominatedbythespiritofRomanticism,amovementthatflourishedinEuropeandhadasitsmanifestotheLyricalBallads.
LyricalBalladswaswrittenbyBritishpoetsWilliamWordsworthandSamuelTaylorColeridgein1798.ThebeginningoftheEnglishRomanticism.
Classicism:
thedominantphilosophyoftheAgeofReason,whichstressedreason,clarity,balanceandorderasvaluedbytheancientGreeksandRomans.
Romanticism:
itchampionedimagin
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