Summary of Verb Patterns.docx
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Summary of Verb Patterns.docx
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SummaryofVerbPatterns
SummaryofVerbPatterns
Patterns1to19indicatewhatareusuallycalledtransitiveusesofverbs.Patterns20to25indicatewhatareusuallycalledintransitiveuses.
Thetermconjunctiveisusedinthislistfortheinterrogativeadverbsandpronoun(how,what,when,wherewho,whom,whose,why)andtheconjunctionswhetheranif(whenthisisusedforwhether)whentheyintroducedependentclausesorinfinitivephrases.
VP01……Vb×DirectObject
VP02……Vb×(not)×to×Infinitive,etc.
VP03……Vb×NounorPronoun×(not)to×Infinitive
VP04……Vb×NounorPronoun×(tobe)×Complement
VP05……Vb×NounorPronoun×Infinitive,etc.
VP06……Vb×NounorPronoun×PresentParticiple
VP07……Vb×Object×Adjective
VP08……Vb×Object×Noun
VP09……Vb×Object×PastParticiple
VP10……Vb×Object×Adverb,AdverbPhrase,etc.
VP11……Vb×that-clause
VP12……Vb×NounorPronoun×that-clause
VP13……Vb×Conjunctive×to×Infinitive,etc.
VP14……Vb×NounorPronoun×Conjunctive×to×Infinitive,etc.
VP15……Vb×Conjunctive×Clause
VP16……Vb×NounorPronoun×Conjunctive×Clause
VP17……Vb×Gerund,etc.
VP18……Vb×DirectObject×Preposition×PrepositionalObject
VP19……Vb×IndirectObject×DirectObject
VP20……Vb×(for)×ComplementofDistance,Time,Price,etc.
VP21……Vbalone
VP22……Vb×Predicative
VP23……Vb×AdverbialAdjunct
VP24……Vb×Preposition×PrepositionalObject
VP25……Vb×to×Infinitive
VerbPattern1
VerbmarkedVP1maybeusedwithasimpledirectobjectwhichisanounorpronoun(Cf.VP17fortheuseofgerunds).
Examples:
Subject×Verb
DirectObject
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Hecut
Wehavealreadyhad
Hedoesnotlike
Wealwaysdo
Iwant
Welit
Theywerethrowing
Ababycannotdress
Helaughed
Shesmiled
Idug
hisfinger.
breakfast.
coldweather.
that.
six.
afire.
stones.
itself.
amerrylaugh.
herthanks
ahole.
VerbPattern2
VerbmarkedVP2maybefollowedby(not)toandanInfinitive.Theto×Infinitiveisusuallyregardedastheobjectoftheverb.Forexamplesofintransitiveverbs(e.g.be,happen,come)followedbyto×InfinitiveseeVP25.Cf.VP17B.
Examples:
Subject×Verb
(not)×to×Infinitive,etc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Hewants
Ihavepromised
Theydecided
Didyouremember*
Heagreed
Haveyou
Wouldyoucare
Hepretended
togo.
tohelpthem.
nottogo.
toshutthewindows?
topayforit.
togotoschooltoday?
togoforawalk?
nottoseeme.
*SeerememberinVP17A,GroupA,example3.
VerbPattern3
VerbsmarkedVP3maybefollowedbyanounorpronounandby(not)toandaninfinitive.(Cf.VP10forsentencesinwhichtheto×infinitiveisshortforinorderto×infinitive.)
Examples:
Subject×Verb
NounorPronoun
(not)to×Infinitive
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Hewants
Iasked
Itold
Pleasehelp*
Helikes
Yourteacherexpects
Iwarned
Heallowed
Theyhaveneverknown*
me
him
theservant
me
hiswife
you
him
thesoldiers
him
tobeearly.
nottodoit.
toopenthewindows.
tocarrythisbox.
todresswell.
toworkhard.
nottobelate.
totakehimprisoner.
tobehavesobadly.
*Cf.examples6and4inVP5.
Notethepassiveconstruction:
3.Theservantwastoldtoopenthewindow.
7.Hewaswarnednottobelate.
VerbPattern4
VerbsmarkedVP4maybefollowedbyanounorpronoun,tobe(oftenomitted),andacomplement.SentencesinVP4mayalsobeconstructedinVP11.
Examples:
Subject×Verb
NounorPronoun
(tobe)
Complement
1
2
3
4
5
Theybelieved
Doyouconsider
Iconsider
Tom’steacherthinks
Weproved
him
her
it
him
him
(tobe)
(tobe)
(tobe)
(tobe)
(tobe)
innocent.
honest?
ashame.
thecleverestboyintheclass.
wrong.
Notethepassiveconstruction:
1.Hewasbelieved(tobe)innocent.
2.Issheconsidered(tobe)honest?
NotethesamesentencesinVP11:
1.Theybelieved(that)hewasinnocent.
2.Doyouconsider(that)sheishonest?
VerbPattern5
VerbsmarkedVP5areusedinawaysimilartothatinwhichverbsmarkedVP3areusedbutwiththeimportantdifferencethattoisomittedbeforetheinfinitive.(Cf.Allowmetogo.Letmego.)Thoseverbsinthispatternwhicharecalledverbsofperception(i.e.verbsofseeing,hearing,etc.)mayalsobeusedinVP6.
Subject×Verb
NounorPronoun
Infinitive,etc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Imade
Let
Wemustnotlet
Theyhaveneverknow*
Iwillhave
Willyouhelp*
Wouldyouhave
Iheard
Wesaw
Theyfelt
Watch
Didandonenotice
him
me
thematter
him
him
me
me
him
them
thehouse
me
thethief
doit.
go!
resthere.
behavesobadly.
dothework.
carrythisbox?
believethat?
comein.
goout.
shake.
doit.
leavethehouse?
*Cf.examples9and4inVP3.
Notethepassiveconstruction:
1.Hewasmadetodoit.
4.Hehasneverbeenknowntobehavesobadly.
9.Theywereseentogoout.
Inexamples8to12,VP6mightalsobeused.‘Isawhimgoout’means‘HewentoutandIsawhim’and‘Isawhimgoingout’means‘HewasgoingoutwhenIsawhim’
VerbPattern6
VerbsmarkedVP6maybefollowedbyanounorapronounandapresentparticle.InthecaseofverbsofperceptionVP5mayalsobeused.(Seethenoteonexamples8to12above.)
Examples:
Subject×Verb
NounorPronoun
PresentParticiple
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Hekept
Ifound
Theyleft
Iheard
Wewatched
Doyoufeel
Canyousmell
Isaw
me
him
me
him
thetrain
thehouse
something
him
waiting.
workingathisdesk.
Standingoutside.
Givingorders.
Leavingthestation.
Shaking?
Burning?
Runningoff.
Notethepassiveconstruction:
1.Iwaskeptwaiting.
4.Hewasheardgivingorders.
VerbPattern7
VerbsmarkedVP7maybefollowedbyanobjectandobjectcomplementwhichisanadjective.
Examples:
Subject×Verb
Object
Adjective
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Don’t
Thesunkeeps
Get
Don’tmake
Ifound
Wepainted
Theyset
Canyoupush
Thecoldweatherturned
Hewished
yourclothes
us
yourself
yourself
thebox
thedoor
theprisoners
thedoor
theleaves
himself
dirty.
warm.
ready.
uneasy.
empty.
green.
free.
open?
red.
dead.
Notethepassiveconstruction:
5.Theboxwasfoundempty.
6.Thedoorwaspaintedgreen.
7.Theprisonersweresetfree.
VerbPattern8
VerbsmarkedVP8maybefollowedbyanobjectandanobjectcomplementwhichisanoun.
Examples:
Subject×Verb
Object
Noun
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Theyelected
Thepeoplecrowned
Theychose
Wecall
Theynamed
Theymade
Theycall
him
Richard
MrSmith
thedog
theirson
Newton
them
king.
king
chairman
“Spot”.
Henry.
PresidentofRoyalSociety
cowards
Notethepassiveconstruction:
1.Hewaselectedking.
6.NewtonwasmadePresidentoftheRoyalSociety.
VerbPattern9
VerbsmarkedVP9maybefollowedbyanobjectandapastparticiple.
Examples:
Subject×Verb
Object
PastParticiple
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Youmustget
Wheredidyouhave
Shehad
Haveyoueverheard
Hisactionsmade
KingCharlesIhad
Thesoldierhad
yourhair
them
anewdress
Italian
him
hishead
twohorses
cut.
printed?
made.
spoken?
respected.
cutoff.
shotunderhim.
Notethatinthispattern,theactionorstatenamedbythepastparticiplemayormaynotbeinaccordancewiththewillofthesubject.
VerbPattern10
VerbsmarkedVP10maybefollowedbyanobjectandanadverboranadverbialphrase(includingadverbialinfinitivesmeaninginorderto…).Seealsothenotesontheadverbialparticlesforthealternativepositionoftheparticle(precedingtheobject).
Examples:
Subject×Verb
Object
Adverb,AdverbPhrase,etc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Put
Hetook
Hehasgiven
MrSmithshowed
weemployed
Theytreat
Hebrought
Hetook
Theyled
Idon’tknow
it
hishat
it
me
her
theirsister
hisbrother
themedicine
me
her
here.
off.
away.
tothedoor.
asacook.
asifshewereonlyaservant.
toseeme.
inordertogetwell.
tobelievethattherewasnodanger.
tospeakto
Notethepassiveconstructions:
4.Iwasshowntothedoor(byMrSmith).
6.Theirsisteristreatedasifshewereonlyaservant.
VerbPattern11
VerbsmarkedVP11maybefolloweddirectlybyathat-clause.
Examples:
Subject×Verb
(that)×Clause
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ihope
Isuppose
Heexplained
Doyouthink
Hesaw
Isuggested
(that)youwillcome.
(that)youwillbethere.
thatnothingcouldbedone.
(that)itwillrain?
(that)theplanwasuseless.
(that)heshouldleaveearly.
Whenapassiveconstructionisusedforsentencesofthistype,itmaybeusedtoanticipatetheclause.
3.Itwasexplainedthatnothingcouldbedone.
5.Itwasseenthattheplanwasuseless.
Notethatwithsomeverbs(e.g.believe,hope,think,say)itispossibletousesoinplaceofanaffirmativeclauseandnotinplaceofanegativeclause.
E.g.SoInoticed(said,thought,etc.).Ibelieveso.
Ihope(think,believe,etc.)not.
Whensomaybeused,exampleswillbefoundwiththeverbentries.
VerbPattern12
VerbsmarkedVP12maybefollowedbyanounorpronounandathat-clause.
Example:
Subject×Verb
NounorPronoun
(that) ×Clause
1
2
3
4
Itold
Iwarned
Wesatisfied
Pleaseremind
theman
you
ourselves
him
(that)hewasmistaken.
(that)hewouldbelate.
thattheplanwouldwork.
thathemustbehereearly.
Notethepassiveconstruction:
Hashebeentold(warned,reminded,etc.)that…?
Notetheuseofsoinplaceofaclause(asinVP11).
E.g.Itoldyouso!
SoItoldyou!
VerbPattern13
VerbsmarkedVP13maybefollowedbytheconjunctives(exceptwhy)andtoandaninfinitive.
Examples:
Subject×Verb
Conjunctive
to×Infinitive,etc.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Iwonder
Ido
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